Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/37

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1em  HITTORFF, (1793–1867), French architect, was bora at Cologne, August 20, 1793. After serving an apprenticeship to a mason in his native town, ha went in 1810 to Paris, and studied for some years at the Academy of the Fine Arts, where he was a favourite pupil of the Government architect Belanger, who in 1814 appointed him his principal inspector. Succeeding Belanger as Government architect in 1818, he designed many important public and private buildings in Paris and also in the south of France. After making architectural tours in Germany, England, Italy, and Sicily, he published the result of his observations in the latter country in the work Architecture antique de la Sidle (3 vols. 1826-30; new edition, 1866- 67), and also in Architecture moderne de la Sidle (1826-35). One of his important discoveries was that colour had been made use of in ancient Greek architecture, a subject which he especially discussed in Architecture jyoltjchrome chez les Grecs (1830), and in Restitution du temple d Empedocle a Selinunte (1851); and in accordance with the doctrines enunciated in these works he was in the habit of making colour an important feature in most of his architectural designs. His principal building is the church of St Vincent de Paul in the basilica style. He also designed many of the embellishments of the Place de la Concorde, the Champs-Elysees where he constructed the Circus of the Empress, which has been the model of many simi lar buildings in various parts of Europe the Bois de Boulogne, and other places. In 1833 he was elected a member of the Academy of Fine Arts. He died at Paris, March 25, 1867.  HITZIG, (1807—1875), exegete and Biblical critic, was born at Hauingen, Baden, where his father was an evangelical pastor, on June 23, 1807, received his early education at the padagogium of Lb rrach and at the lyceum of Carlsmhe, and entered the university of Heidel berg as a student of theology in the autumn of 1824. There he remained for a year, attending the lectures in exegesis and church history of Paulus the famous &quot;rationalist&quot;; but in 1825 he removed to Halle where Gesenius first decided him to devote himself to Old Testament subjects. His next step was to Gottingen in 1828, where he had Ewald for his master, and where in 1829 he graduated, the subject of his thesis being De Cadyti Urbe Herodotea. Returning to Heidelberg shortly afterwards, he &quot; qualified &quot; as &quot; privatdocent &quot; in theology the same year, and in 1831 published his Begriff der Kritik am Alien Testaments praktisch erortert, a treatise in which the critical principles of the grammatico-historical school were stated with great fulness, clearness, and cogency; also Des Propheten Jonas Orakel iiber Jlfoab, an exposition of the 15th and 16th chapters of the book of Isaiah attributed by him, as by many subsequent critics, to the prophet Jonah mentioned in 2 Kings xiv. 25. His next literary performance was a commentary on Isaiah (Uebersetzunrj u. Audegung des Propheten Jesajas), the publication of which in 1833 was soon followed by a cull to an ordinary professorship of theo logy in the university of Zurich. There he laboured for a period of twenty-eight years, during which, besides commen taries on The Psalms (1835-36; 2d cd., 1863-65), Tin: Minor Prophets (1838; 3d ed., 1863), Jeremiah (1841; 2d ed., 1866), Ezekiel (1847), Daniel (1850), Ecclcsiastes (1847), Canticles (1855), and Prorerbs (1858), he published a monograph, Ueber Johannes Markus u. seine Schriften (1843), in which he maintained the chronological priority of the second gospel, and sought to prove that the Apocalypse was written by the same author, and various treatises of archaeological interest, of which the most im portant are Die Erfindung des Alphabets (1840), Urgeschichte u. Mytholocjie der Phillstdfr (1845), and Die Grabschrift des Eschmunezar (1855). In 1861 he was called to succeed 