Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/217

Rh  1em {{11fine|In trotting races, it will be noted, the time test is supreme, differ ing from running races, in which time is of comparatively little con sequence. The animal which has the fastest record for 1 mile in harness is, until deposed, the king or queen of the trotting turf. Lady Sulfolk, with her record of 2 m. 26^ s., in 1843, held this honour until 1853, when Tacony trotted in 2 m. 25.^ s. under saddle ; Flora Temple wrested it from him in 1856 by trotting in 2 m. 24 s. in harness. This latter mare, in 1859, trotted a mile in 2 rn. 19| s., a feat which the best horsemen thought would never be repeated, but since that time forty-two trotters have beaten 2 m. 20 s. Dexter s record was 2 in. 17} s. in 1867, and Goldsmith Maid s in 1871 was 2 m. 17 s., which she reduced, by successive efforts, to 2 m. 16f s., 2 in. 16 s., 2 m. 15 s., 2m. 14| s., and finally, in 1874, to 2 in. 14s. In 1878 Rarus trotted a mile in 2 in. 13| s., and in October 1879 the bay gelding St Jnlien, by Volunteer, son of Rysdyk s Ham- bletonian, dam by Henry Clay, trotted a mile in California in 2 in. 12 ! s. There is a great diversity of opinion among the best informed horsemen as to the limit of trotting speed, hut none fix it slower than 2 m. 10s., while the more sanguine beHeve that a mile will yet be made by a trotter in 2 minutes. The pacing gait, in which the front and hind legs on the same side are moved in the same direction simultaneously, is admitted to be faster than the trotting, in which the near fore leg and the off hind leg move together, but as pacing is not fashionable, and small purses are given for contests between pacers, a great deal of skill has been expended, of late years, in con verting pacers to trotters. This is done by means of toe-weights on the forward feet, which are knobs of brass or iron screwed into the. hoof or fastened to the shoe, by means of which a competent trainer can not only change a pacing into a trotting horse, but can correct any errors of gait in a natural trotter. With inveterate, pacers very heavy weights have to be used, but these can gradually be lessened as the horse becomes accustomed to the trot. So effec tive are these weights found that there are very few fast trotters upon whom they are not used to some extent, unless the same object is effected by wearing a very heavy forward shoe.}|undefined} 1em 1em 1em 1em

Trotting in Harnest. One mile St Julicn. Oakland Paik, Cal.. Oct. 25, 1879, 2 m. 12J s., in a first heat One mile (second heat) Ranis, Hartfoid. Conn., August 23. 1878, 2 m ISA g. One mile (third heat) Rarus, Buffalo. N.Y., August 3. 1878. 2 m. 13J s. One mile (fouith heat) Lulu. Rochester, N.Y.. August 14, 1875, 2 m. 17 s. O-ie nule (fifth heat) Smuggler, Cleveland. 0.. July 27, 1876, 2 m. 17$ s. One mile (sixth heat) -Goldsmith Maid, Hartford. Conn., Aug 31, 1)570, 2 in. 191 s One mile Smuggler, Hartford, Conn., August 31, 187G, 2 in. 15} s., the fastest heat bv n stallion. &amp;gt;ne mile, four year old Trinket. Louisville, Ky ., July 10. 187!), 2 m. 19~s. no n ile, five year old Santa. Claus. Sacramento, Cal., Sept 11, 1879. 2 m. 18 s- ne mile, over half-mile tiack Rams. Toledo, 0., July 20, 1878, 2 in. 16 s. ne mile, fastest two consecutive heats Harus. Hartford, Conn., August 23, 1878, 2 m. 13i s., 2m 13JJ s. One mile, fastest three consecutive heats Rams, Hartford, Conn., August 23, 1878. 2 m. 15 s.. 2 m. 13A. s. 2 in. I3J s. One mile, fastest four consecutive heats Gloster, Rochester, N.Y., August 14, 1874, 2 in. 18 s, 2 m. 17} s.. 2 m 17 s., 2 m. 19 s., ; and Goldsmith Maid, Hanford, Conn., August 31, 1876, 2 m. 16J s., 2 m. 17J s.. 2 in. 18 s., 2 m. l- our miles Trustee. Union Course, L I.. June 13, 1849, 11 m. (i s. Five miles Ldy Mack, San Francisco, Cal.. April 2, 1874, 13 m Ten miles Controller. San Francisco, Cal., N&quot;o ember 23, 1878, 27 m. 28J .Fifteen miles Girda, San Francisco. Cal.. August 6, 1874, 47 m. 20 s. Twenty miles Capt. M dowan, Boston. Mass, 1865, 58 m. 25 s. Fifty miles Ariel. Albany. N.Y., 1846. 3 h 55 m. 40 8. One hundied miles Conqueror, Long Island, November 12, 1853, 8 h. 55 m. 53 s. Trotting to Waggon. One mile Hopeful, Chicago. 111., October 12, 1878, 2 m. 1CJ s., in a first heat. One mile (second heat) Hopeful, Chicago, 111., October 12, 1878, 2 m. 17 s. One mile (third heat) Hopeful, Chicago, 111., October 12, 1878, 2 m. 17 s. One mile, drawing 2000 Ib Mountain Maid, Long Island, 1865, 3 m. 24A s. Two miles G&amp;gt; ii. Butler, Long Island, 1863, first heat, 4 m. 56 s. ; Dexter, Long Island, October 27, 1865, second heat, 4 m. 56^ s. Three miles Kemble. Jackson, June 1, 1853, 8m. 3 s. Four milrs Longfellow, California, December 31, 1869, 10 m. 34.V s. Five miles Little M;ick, Fashion Course, LI,, October 29, 18C3. 13 m. 4:!J s. Twenty miles Controller, San Francisco, Cal., April 20, 1878, 58 m. 57s. Fifty miles Spangle, October 15, 1855, 3 h. 49 m. 4 s. Trotting, Double Teams. One rrile Gen. Cobb and Lulu May, San Francisco, Cal., 1877, 2 m. 26A, s., in a thiid !) at One mile, with running mate Ethan Allen and mate, Fashion Course, L.I., June 21, 18(i7, 2 m. 15 s.. in a first heat. One hundred miles Master Burke and Robin, 10 h. 17 m. 22 s. Trotting under Saddle. One mile Great Eastern, Fleetwood Park, N.Y., September 22, 1877, 2 m. 15J s. Two miles Dexter, Long Island, 18(i5, 5 m. 0} s. Three miles Dutchman, Beacon Park, N.J., August 1, 1839, 7 m. 32i s. Four miles Dutchman, 1836, 10 m. 31 s. One mile, in harness Sleepy Tom, Chicago, 111., July 25, 1879, 2m. 12J s. One mile, under saddle Billy Boyce. Buffalo. N.Y., August 1, 18G8, 2 m. 14J s. One mile, to wapgon I ocuhontas, June 21, 1855. 2 m. 17 j s. Two ir.iles, under saddle Bowery Boy. Long Island, 1839, 5 m. 4} s. Two miles, in harness Hero. May 17, 1853. 4 m. 5(U s. Three miles, under saddle Oncida Cl&amp;lt;ief, Beacon Park, N.J., 1843, 7 m. 44 s. Three miles, in harness Harry White, San Francisco, Cal., August 8, 1S74, 7 m. 57Js.  

 HORSE-CHESTNUT, Stilus, L. (Germ., Rosska- stanie ; Fr., marronnier d 1 Imfe), a genus of trees or shrubs indigenous to North America and mountainous regions in Mexico, New Granada; Persia, North India, and the Malayan peninsula, of the natural order Sapiii- (lacex and suborder Sapindef?, having exstipulate, opposite, digitate, 5- to 9-lobed leaves, an irregular campanulate or tubular 5-lobed calyx, 4 to 5 petals, 5 to 8 stamens, one style, a 3-celled ovary, with 6 ovules, of which 3 or more abort, exalbuminous seeds, and a smooth or echinate coriaceous capsule. The Common Horse-chestnut, jE. Hip- pocastanum, L., has been stated to be a native of Thibet, and to have been brought thence to England in ; it is now, however, thought to be indigenous in the moun tains of northern Greece, where it occurs wild at 3000 to 4000 feet above sea-level (Gard. Chron., 1880, i. 488). Matthiolus, who attributes the origin of the name of the tree to the use of the nuts by the inhabitants of Constantinople for the relief of short-windedness and cough in horses, remarks that no ancient writer appears 