Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/166

154 months imprisonment he was on January 29, 1555, tried for heresy and condemned to death. The sentence was carried out on February 9th, the martyr enduring the agonies of the stake, which on account of the accidental use of green wood were unusually protracted, with great fortitude. Hooper s opinions were more decidedly anti- Romish than those of Cranmer or Ridley, and very nearly identical with those afterwards promulgated by the Puritans. He was the author of various sermons and controversial treatises.

1em  HOOPING-COUGH, or (syn. Pertussis, Chin-Cough), an infectious disease of the respiratory mucous membrane, manifesting itself by frequently re curring paroxysms of convulsive coughing accompanied with peculiar sonorous inspirations. It occurs for the most part among children, and only once in a lifetime. The specific cause of hooping-cough is unknown, but the view which ascribes it to some atmospheric condition ap pears to derive support from the frequency of this disease as an epidemic ; whether, however, that be the presence of a peculiar form of germ, as is held by some, remains as yet undetermined. Although specially a disease of childhood, hooping-cough is by no means limited to that period, but may occur at anytime of life, even to old age, should there have been no previous attack. It is most common between the ages of one and four, and is rare after ten. Dr Edward Smith s statistics showed that it was the most fatal of all diseases of children under one year, that 68 per cent, of the deaths from hooping-cough occurred under the age of two, and that only 6 per csnt. of the deaths were recorded after five years. It has been occasionally observed in newly-born infants. It is more common in female than in male children. Hooping-cough is highly contagious during any stage of its progress, but apparently more so in its commencement. It is not only communicated by the breath, but may, as has been clearly proved, be conveyed by the medium of clothing and by persons who have been in contact with those affected. It is said to be favoured by cold and damp weather, and to prevail mostly in spring and autumn, doubtless owing to these seasons increasing the predisposition to affections of the respiratory passages. Epidemics of hooping-cough have often been noticed to succeed or even to accompany those of measles or scarlet fever, although no causal connexion between these diseases can be admitted. With respect to the symptoms of hooping-cough, three stages of the disease are recognized, viz., (1) the catarrhal stage, (2) the spasmodic stage, (3) the stage of decline. The first stage is characterized by the ordinary phenomena of a catarrh, with sneezing, watering of the eyes, irritation of the throat, feverishness and cough, but in geu3ral there is nothing in the symptoms to indicate that they are to develop into hooping-cough. The catarrhal stage usually lasts from ten to fourteen days. The second stage is marked by the abatement of the catarrhal symptoms, but at the same time by increase in the cough, which now occurs in irregular paroxysms both by day and by night. Each paroxysm consists in a series of violent and rapid expiratory coughs, succeeded by a loud sonorous or crowing inspiration the &quot; whoop.&quot; During the coughing efforts the air is driven with great force out of the lungs, and as none can enter the chest the symptoms of impending asphyxia appear. The patient grows deep-red or livid in the face, the eyes appear as if they would burst from their sockets, and suffocation seems imminent till relief is brought by the &quot; whoop &quot; the louder and more vigorous the better. Occasionally blood bursts from the nose, mouth, and ears, or is extrava- sated into the conjunctiva of the eyes. A single fit rarely lasts beyond from half to three-quarters of a minute, but after the &quot; whoop &quot; another recurs, and of these a number may come and go for several minutes. The paroxysm ends by the coughing or vomiting up of a viscid tenacious secretion, and usually after this the patient seems compara tively well, or, it may be, somewhat wearied and fretful. The frequency of the paroxysms varies according to tl.e severity of the case, being in some instances only to the extent of one or two in the whole day, while in others there may be several in the course of a single hour. Slight causes serve to bring on the fits of coughing, such as the acts of swallowing, talking, laughing, crying, Arc., or they may occur without any apparent exciting cause. In general children come to recognize an impending attack by a feeling of tickling in the throat, and they cling with dread to their mothers or nurses, or take hold of some object near them for support during the paroxysm ; but although exhausted by the severe fit of coughing they soon resume their play, apparently little the worse. The attacks are on the whole most severe at night. This stage cf the disease usually continues for thirty to fifty days, but it may be shorter or longer. It is during this time that complications are apt to arise which may become a source of danger greater even than the malady itself. The chief of these are inflammatory affections of the bronchi and lungs, and convulsions, any of which may prove fatal. When, however, the disease progresses favourably, as it usually does, the third or terminal stage is announced by the less frequent paroxysms of the cough, which generally loses in great measure its &quot;whooping&quot; character. The patient s condition altogether undergoes amendment, and the symptoms disappear in from one to three weeks. It is to be observed, however, that for a long period afterwards in any simple catarrh from which the patient suffers the cough often assumes a spasmodic character, which may suggest the erroneois notion that a relapse of the hooping-cough has occurred. In severe cases it occasionally happens that the disease leaves behind it such structural changes in the lungs (emphysema, &amp;lt;fcc.), as entail permanent shortness of breath ing or a liability to attacks of asthma, Further, hooping- cough is well known to be one of those diseases of early life which are apt to give rise to a weakened and vulnerable state of the general health, or to call into activity any in herited morbid tendency, such as that towards consumption. As regards the treatment of hooping-cough in rnild cases, little is necessary beyond keeping the patient warm and carefully attending to the general health. The remedies applicable in the case of catarrh or the milder forms of bronchitis are of service here, while gentle counter-irritation to the clrest by stimulating liniments may be employed all through the attack. In mild weather the patient may be in the open air. In the more severe forms efforts have to be employed to modify the severity of the paroxysms. Numerous remedies are recommended, the chief of which are the bromides of ammonium or potassium, hydrocyanic acid, chloral, chloric ether, &c. These can only be safely administered under medical advice, and with due regard to the symptoms in individual cases. During convalescence, where the cough still continues to be troublesome, a change of air will often effect its removal.  HOOPOE (French Ifuppe, Latin Upupa, Greek ZTTOI}/ all names bestowed apparently from its cry), a bird long celebrated in literature, and conspicuous by its variegated plumage and its large erectile crest, the Upupa epops of naturalists, which is the -type of the very peculiar Family Upupid&amp;lt;K t placed by Prof. Huxley in his group Coccygomorphce, 