Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/141

Rh and his devotion and that of his school to therapeutics has acted as a somewhat deserved rebuke to those physicians who get so absorbed in the study of disease as to forget that the great interest of mankind in it is to have it cured with as little delay as possible. It may be admitted that homoeopathy has done some service in directing more special attention to various powerful drugs, such as aconite, nux vomica, belladonna, and to the advantage of giving them in simpler forms than were common before the days of Hahneimnn. Hahnemann s errors were greit. His doctrine of specifics was highly retrograde and unscientific, and his disparagement of the principle of tulle causam and of those who aimed at discovering the causes of disease (Organon, p. 3) was unphilosophical. He was fanciful and theoretical to a very high degree. He led his followers far out of the track of sound views of disease and the methods by which it can best be prevented and cured. But, with all his defects, it must be admitted that he had the great merit of disturbing and discrediting indefensible modes of practice.  HONDA, or, a of the republic of Colombia, in the state of Cundinamarca, on the left bank of the river Magdalena, about 575 from the sea, in 5 11 42&quot; N. lat. and 74 41 6&quot; W. long. It is regular and well-built, but none of its public edifices churches, convents, or hospitals call for special remark. Situated at the spot where the upward navigation of the Magdalena is stopped by a series of rapids, Honda was formerly the seat of a very considerable trade, and it still retains a certain amount of commercial importance. Goods and passengers for Bogota, the capital of Colombia, are now disembarked at Caracoli about 2 miles further down. The of Honda is stated at 4000 or 5000. See ,.  HONDECOETER, (c.1636–1695), painter, was born at Utrecht, it is said, about 1636, and died at Amsterdam. April 3, 1695. Old historians say that, being the grandson of Gillis and son of Gisbert d Hondecoeter, as well as nephew of J. B. Weenix, he was brought up by the last two to the profession of painting. Of Weeuix we know that he married one Josina d Hondecoeter in 1 638. Melchior was, therefore, related to Weenix, who certainly influenced his style. As to Gillis and Gisbert some points still remain obscure, and it is difficult to accept the statement that they stood towards each other in the relation of father and son, since both were registered as painters at Utrecht in 1637. Both it appears had practised art before coming to Utrecht, but where they resided or what they painted is uncertain. Unhappily pictures scarcely help us to clear up the mystery. In the Fiirstenberg collection at Donaueschingen there is a Concert of Birds dated 1620, and signed with the mono gram G. D. H. ; and we may presume that G. D. H. is the man whose Hen and Chickens in a Landscape in the gallery of Rotterdam is inscribed &quot; G. D. Hondecoeter, 1652;&quot; but we ask, Is the first letter of the monogram to stand for Gillis or Gisbert 1 In the museums of Dresden and Cassel landscapes with sportsmen are catalogued under the name of Gabriel de Heusch (1), one of them dated 1529, and certified with the monogram G. D. II., challenging attention by resemblance to a canvas of the same class inscribed G. D. Honcl. in the Berlin Museum. The question here is also whether G. means Gillis or Gisbert. Obviously there are two artists to consider, one of whom paints birds, the other landscapes and sportsmen. Perhaps the first is Gisbert, whose son Melchior also chose birds as his peculiar subject. Weenix too would naturally teach his nephew to study the feathered tribe. Melchior, however, began his career with a different specialty from that by which he is usually known. Mr de Stuers affirms that he produced sea-pieces. One of his earliest works is a Tub with Fish, dated 1655, in the gallery of Brunswick. But Melchior soon abandoned fish for fowl. He acquired celebrity as a painter of birds only, which he represented not exclusively, like Fyt, as the gamekeeper s perquisite after a day s shoot ing, or stock of a poulterer s shop, but as living beings with passions, joys, fears, and quarrels, to which naturalists will tell us that birds are subject. Without the brilliant tone and high finish of Fyt, his Dutch rival s birds are full of action ; and, as Biirger truly says, Hondecoeter displays the maternity of the hen with as much tenderness and feeling as Raphael .the maternity of Madonnas. But Fyt was at home in depicting the coat of deer and dogs as well as plumage. Hondecoeter cultivates a narrower field, and seldom goes beyond a cock-fight or a display of mere bird life. Very few of his pictures are dated, though more are signed. Amongst the former we .should note the Jackdaw deprived of his Borrowed Plumes (1671), at the Hague, of 1 which Earl Cadogan has a variety ; or Game and Poultry and a Spaniel hunting a Partridge (1672), in the gallery of Brussels ; or a Park with Poultry (1686) at the Hermi tage of St Petersburg. Hondecoeter, in great favour with the magnates of the Netherlands, became a member of the painters academy at the Hague in 1659. William III. employed him to paint his menagerie at Loo, and the picture, now at the Hague museum, shows that he could at a pinch overcome the difficulty of representing India s cattle, elephants, and gazelles. But he is better in homelier works, with which he adorned the royal chateaus of Bens- berg and Oranienstein at different periods of his life (Hague and Amsterdam). In 1 488 Hondecoeter took the freedom of the city of Amsterdam, where he resided till his death. His earliest works are more conscientious, lighter, and more transparent than his later ones. At all times he is bold of touch and sure of eye, giving the motion of birds with great spirit arid accuracy. His masterpieces are at the Hague and at Amsterdam. But there are fine examples in private col lections in England, and in the public galleries of Berlin, Caen, Carlsruhe, Cassel, Cologne, Copenhagen, Dresden, Dublin, Florence, Glasgow, Hanover, London, Lyons Montpellier, Munich, Paris, Rotterdam, Rouen, St Peters burg, Stuttgardt, and Vienna.  

ONDURAS, a republic of Central America, formerly a province of the kingdom of Guatemala, deriving its name from the Spanish Honduras, depths, in allusion, it is said, to the difficulty experienced by its original ex plorers in finding anchorage off its coast. It is bounded on the N. and E. by the Bay of Honduras and the Carib bean Sea, extending from the mouth of the Rio Tinto, 15 45 N. lat. and 88 30 W. long., to the mouth of the Rio Wanks or Segovia, in 14 59 N. lat. and 83 11 W. long., having a coast-line of about 400 miles. On the S. it is bounded by Nicaragua, the line of division following the Rio Wanks for about two-thirds of its length, thence deflect ing to the sources of the Rio Negro, which flows into the Gulf of Fonseca; it has on this gulf a coast-line of about 60 miles, embracing also the islands of Tigre, Sacate Grande, and Gueguensi. Upon the W. and S.W. it is bounded by San Salvador and Guatemala ; the line of separation there is irregular, commencing on the Gulf of Fonseca, at the mouth of the Rio Goascoran, and ending at the mouth of the Rio Tinto, on the Bay of Honduras. The republic is therefore entirely between 83 20 and 89 30 W. long, and 13 10 and 16 N. lat., and comprises about 40,000 square miles. The large island of Roatan, with Guanaja or Bonacca, Utila, Helena, Barbaretta, and Morat are naturally dependent on Honduras. 