Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/850

812 and carriages used in agricultural work are free from toll. By the Highways and Locomotives Act of 1878 (41 and 42 Vict. c. 77) disturnpiked roads are to become “ main roads,” and half the expense of maintenance is to be paid out of the county rate. Ordinary highways may be declared to be ‘‘ main roads,” and “main roads” may be reduced to the status of ordinary highways. In Scotland the highway system will in future be regu- lated by the Roads and Bridges Act, 1878, which comes into operation at the latest on the Ist of June 1883, but my be adopted sooner in any county. From and after the commencement of the Act in each county, the manage- ment and maintenance of the highways and bridges shall be vested in the county road trustees, viz., the commissioners of supply, certain elected trustees representing ratepayers in parishes, and others. One of the consequences of the commencement of the Act is the abolition of tolls, statute- labour, causeway mail, and other exactions for the main- tenance of bridges and highways; and all turnpike roads shall become highways, and all highways shall be open to the public free of tolls and other exactions. The county is to be divided into districts under district committees, and county and district officers are to be appointed. The expenses of highway managenient in each district (or parish), together with a proportion of the general expenses of the Act, shall be levied by the trustees by an assessment on the lands and heritages within the district (or parish). Highway, in the law of the States of the American Union, generally means a lawful public road, over which all citizens are allowed to pass and repass on foot, on horseback, in carriages, and waggons. Sometimes it is held to be restricted to county roads as opposed to town-ways. In statutes dealing with offences connected with the highway, such as gaming, negligence of carriers, &c., “highway” in- cludes navigable rivers. But in a statute punishing with death robbery on the highway, railways were held not to be included in the term. In one case it has been held that any way is a highway which has been used as such for fifty years.  HILARION,, abbot, the first to introduce the monastic system into Palastine, was born of heathen parents at Tabatha, about 5 miles to the south of Gaza, about, was sent when very young to Alexandria to be educated, and there became a convert to the Christian religion, Attracted by the fame of St Anthony, he went to visit that saint in his solitude, and forthwith became a disciple. Returning to Palestine with some companions while still but a lad of fifteen, he gave away all the property he had inherited by the recent death of his parents, and then withdrew into loneliness in the desert between the sea and the marshes on the Egyptian border. In this solitude he observed the most rigid asceticism, and (to quote the quaint remark of Butler) “thought himself at liberty to practise certain mortifications which the respect we owe to our neighbour makes unseasonable in the world.” Twenty years of patient continuance in the way of life he had chosen for himself were rewarded, we are told, with mira- culous gifts and with rapidly growing fame ; disciples and imitators multiplied to the number of two or three thousand, and all owned the spiritual oversight of Hilarion. Informed by revelation when sixty-five years old of the death of Anthony, he undertook an extended tour into Egypt, where he visited all the scenes of that saint’s Jabours ; afterwards he removed in the company of a favourite disciple, Hesychius, into Sicily, where, however, his popularity rendered impossible the quiet and retirement which were congenial to his habits; a further migration to Epidaurus thus became necessary ; and ultimately he found a resting- place in Cyprus, the diocese of his old friend Epiphanius, where in a lonely cell amongst some almost inaccessible rocks he died in. According to Sozomen his festival was observed in Palestine with great solemnity as early as the ; he is now commemorated by the Roman Church on October 21st. His earliest biographers were Epiphanius and Jerome.  HILARIUS, or, bishop of Rome from to, who according to some authorities had attained to the archidiaconate as early as  , is known to have been a deacon and to have acted as legate vf Leo the Great at the “robber” synod of Ephesus in. There he so vigorously defended the conduct of Flavian in deposing Eutyches that he was thrown into prison, whence he had great difficulty in making his escape to Rome. Chosen to succeed Leo on November 12,, he issued a brief de fide catholica, in which he anathematized Eutyches, Nestorius, and Dioscurus, and reaffirmed the decisions of the councils of Nice, Ephesus, and Chalcedon. In he held at Rome a council which put a stop to some prevalent abuses, particularly to that of bishops appointing their own successors. His pontificate was also marked by a successful encroachment of the papal authority on the metropolitan rights of the French aud Spanish hierarchy, and by a resistance to the toleration edict of Anthemius, which ultimately caused it to be recalled. Hilarius, who died November 17,, was succeeded by Simplicius.  HILARIUS,, of Arles (c.–), an eminent prelate and an able if unsuccessful defender of the liberties of the Gallican Church, was born about, and in early youth entered the abbey of Lerins, then presided over by his kinsman Honoratus (St Honoré). Having succeeded Honoratus in the bishopric of Arles in, he set about the discharge of his episcopal functions with unusual energy and zeal. Following the example of St Augustine, he is said to have organized his cathedral clergy into a “ congre- gation,” devoting a great part of their time to social exercises of ascetic religion. As bishop of Arles he held the rank of metropolitan of Vienne and Narbonne, and in this capacity he came into collision in with Leo the Great on the question of the deposition of one of his bishops (Chelli- donius) ; this quarrel resulted in his being deprived of his lights as metropolitan to consecrate bishops, call synods, or exercise ecclesiastical oversight in the province, and in the edict of Valentinian JIL, so important in the history of the Gallican Church, “ut episcopis Gallicanis omuibusque pro lege esset quidquid apostolicee sedis auctoritas sanxis- set.” He died in, and his name was afterwards intro- duced into the Roman martyrology for commemoration on the 5th of May. Hilarius enjoyed during his lifetime a high reputation for learning and eloquence us well as for piety ; his extant works (Vita S. Lfonorati Arelatensis Episcopi and Metrum in Genesin) compare favourably with any similar literary productions of that period. A poem, De Providentia, usually included among the writings of Prosper, is sometimes also attributed to Hilary of Arles.  HILARIUS,, bishop of Pictavium (Poitiers), an eminent “doctor” of the Western Church, sometimes referred to as the “malleus Arianorum” and the “ Atha- nasius of the West,” was born at Poitiers about the His parents, who were pagans of distinction, afforded him every means of acquiring a good education; and to the ordinary accomplishments of an educated gentleman there was added in his case what had even then become somewhat rare in the West, some knowledge of Greek. After he had attained to manhood his attention was directed to the Old and New Testament writings, with the result that he became convinced of the truth of Christianity, and along with his wife and his daughter received the sacrament of baptism. We have no means of knowing the nature or duration of the services which he rendered the church during the period which im-