Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/843

Rh HIEROGLYPHICS 805 it forms the group &amp;lt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; |, not only for the substantive Jtar, ha, &quot; face,&quot; but also for the particle her, &quot;upon,&quot; &amp;lt;fcc. In hieratic, I is attached to many characters, probably to distinguish them from very similar ones ; thus l^j for &amp;lt;cr&amp;gt; is clearly distinguished from ^^ for ^. It is thus used as a diacritical sign, though very variably. At the end of words we find,, above all in late times, the ex pletive I I. EXPLETIVE VOWELS AND COMPLEMENTS OF SIMPLE LETTERS. Although the vowels were often omitted, sometimes they are added in a wholly expletive manner, which their vagueness can only aid us to understand. This is easily proved from certain words transcribed, such as Oaf, the Egyptian ^ &amp;lt;sr |~[] V /wwv, tahan. In any other system the first a would produce a separation of syllable between t and h, transcribed here by 6. (It should be remembered, however, that the Greek could not represent a sound like t han otherwise than by 6. The Egyptian vowel may here represent a disjunctive.) The same remark applies in the consideration of the Egyptian transcriptions of divers foreign words, of which the grammatical form is well known. Thus the Hebrew rTj^ll ~ I J^ ^] U i ^^ Itabuta, and the name of the Hebrew harp 1133 } is written /vww D I  jg^. , Itenaanaur. It is written has been remarked that each consonant had a kind of favourite complement, and that this complementary sign should often be treated as an expletive in reading. It has been proposed to admit for these letters inherent vowels, but this idea seems exaggerated : the alphabet is not a syllabary, for most of the letters unite with the different vowels. The knowledge of the ordinary com plements of each letter is useful, especially in reference to transcriptions. JTV has as favourite final u, &amp;lt;2 or indifferently: we also find J H, ba; ] 1, bu; ft , U; but i] &quot;^ , ba, is rare : ba is expressed ordinarily by ^1*^ ; we find ^5^ &quot;, or J^G 1 ^ Tl &quot;^ ^, equally, i^ thus has ^ as favourite complement. It is the same with p, D, which has for complement u, Q, V, and we find the syllables D fl, U ^ , g [j (j ; but ^&amp;gt;a was written %L Ik r D %H Ik&quot; In the S P elling f X. 11 which is often founl for the article pi, the variant J^f l , pal. intro- i TPV &quot; V - 11 duces the complementary tj , a. For /], k, we find all the combinations /I 1^ ,/][], , Zl %, , but the favourite vowel seems to have been ft. Ve observe equally the use of all the. vowels after &quot;&amp;gt;  6, except, perhaps, _ _ a, which we have not remarked. The complementary vowel seems to be &quot;^, or  , according to the writers, ffl , k, shews a decided preference for Ss , but we also find , ffl N , ffi With JaS&amp;gt; &quot; JT IT sometimes the expletive I is added, even when j^J J is not a substantive. &quot; , t, somewhat prefers @ : it is joined to ^ , , i fl n , or . * , t, takes Q , ^&amp;gt; , as complementary vowel ; but it is not repugnant to any other combination of vowels. A ordinarily takes Q, or Q Q , much more rarely 1 and ^K. &amp;lt;-^=^, t, is most often followed by ^, : c^s. ^K and ^^^ [j [1 are used ; some texts shew as expletive of crI&amp;gt;. &quot;, t , seems also to be com pleted by. The syllables | n, |. ^K, are not rare but fa is rendered by (| ^, the eagle being the favourite comple ment of | : this sign also forms the groups | &amp;gt;, A Q Q We cannot establish any special complement for m; the ordinary syllabic combinations are v * , 0, iv %&amp;gt;, ^ [1 fl _cr^ ^r^s 1 _r^ - n _Jj^s 1 i The transcriptions shew that ., Q is often expletive after ^. The eagle is more readily attached to ^ , as ^ &quot;; next in frequency is ^^ . / often takes as expletive I , / I . It is also combined as / For /WA^ , n, the complementary vowel seems to be fl ^ ij are more used tlian A/WSAA for tm s syllable was ordinarily written Q v as final, and by the syllables i 1 ^ ^ , , as initial. &amp;gt;, r, is completed by the expletive | , forming the group , hieratic |^ . &amp;lt;:: ^ :&amp;gt; j s t he favourite syllabic of &amp;lt;=&amp;gt; ; we also note often , &amp;lt;r ^&amp;gt; II. n A , but &amp;lt;^ is extremely , &amp;lt;==&amp;gt; (], fj also often takes the expletive | , hieratic f &quot;i an j is joined to the final vowels without exception. ^^^ I , s, is often completed by ^ expletive ; the name cf the baud I seems to have been set. is frequent after M , but H _ C , M&amp;gt; &amp;gt;&amp;gt; H fl fl&amp;gt; are used - H % is found; but syllabic I _u I i i I JE& homophones were used more readily for this syllable. In other cases the vowel was suppressed, as 1 1 /] _ 1 1 i r A sa j Cf H is also completed by ^, and follows exactly the same rules as fl . The name of the letter H was undoubtedly ^y-^~ ses &quot; bolt.&quot; , s, most readily takes - - D , &amp;lt;2 , (j f. J0f}T prefers , without excluding the others. , x, takes as expletive, and we find very often ^K , more rare, the last syllable being almost always written with . or the group ^ T ^s. The eagle is evidently the complement of T: thus the syllables ordinary variants havo as ordinarily followed by consonants ; its vowel is - expletives ^*T, it is the substantive x a - , n, takes &amp;lt; as complement ; we also find FT] is with the FT] in which &amp;gt;s often causes variants, as in the case of jf, y. To
 * , /, seems to take, but * sk ^? &quot; .. Q&amp;gt; fa&amp;gt; *$*. , fu,
 * a *& ^ i 1 *, w^.
 * _J, k, we observe [j, , n , ^ , ft || , but ^ is more frequent ;