Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/801

Rh about 12 inches, but in some particularly suitable localities they grow to a length of 15 inches, and instances of speci- mens measuring 17 inches are on record. In the Baltic, where the water is gradually losing its saline constituents, thus becoming less adapted for the development of marine species, the herring continues to exist in large numbers, but as a dwarfed form, not growing either to the size or to the condition of the North-Sea herring. The herring of the American side of the Atlantic is specifically identical with that of Europe. A second species (Clupea leachiz) has been supposed to exist on the British coast ; but it comprises only individuals of a smaller size, the produce of an early or late spawn. Also the so-called * white-bait ” is not a distinct species, but consists chiefly of the fry or the young of herrings, and is obtained “in perfection” at localities where these small fishes find an abundance of food, as in the estuary of the Thames. The important subject of hetring-fishing has already been treated in the article TisHeries (see vol. ix. pp. 251, 257, &c.).

1em  HERRNHUT, a town of Saxony, in the circle and 18 miles south-east of the town of Bautzen, and situated on the Lobau and Zittau Railway, is chiefly known as the principal seat of the Moravian or Bohemian DProtherhood, styled on the Continent Herrnhuter, a colony of whom, fleeing from persecution in their own country, settledat Herrnhut in 1722, on a site presented by Count Zinzendorf. The buildings include houses for the brethren, the sisters, and the widowed of both sexes. The town is remarkable for its regularity, cleanness, and stillness, Linen, paper (to varieties of which Herrnhnt gives its name), tobacco, and various minor articles are manufactured. The Hutberg commands a pleasant view. The in 1875 was 1128. Berthelsdorf, a village about a mile distant, has been the seat of the direstorate of the community since about 1789.  HERSCHEL, (1750–1848), sister of Sir William Herschel, the eighth child and fifth daughter of her parents, was born at Hanover on the 16th March 1750. On account of the prejudices of her mother, who dil not desire her to know more than was necessary for being useful in the family, she received in youth only the first elements of education. After the death of her father m 1767 she, in order to fit herself to earn her bread, obtained permission to learn millinery and dressmaking, but continued to assist her mother in the management of the household until the autumn of 1772, when she accom- panied to England her brother William, who had established himself as a teacher of musicin Bath. At once she became a valuable co-operator with her brother, both in his profes- sional duties and in the astronomical researches to which he had already begun to devote all his spare time. She was the principal singer at his oratorio concerts, and acquired such a reputation as a vocalist that she was offered an engagement for the Birmingham festival, which, however, she declined. When her brother accepted the office of astronomer-royal, she became his constant assistant in his observations, and also executed the laborious calcula- tions which were connected with them. For these services she in 1787 received from the king a salary of £50 a year. Her chief amusement during her leisure hours was to sweep the heavens with a small Newtonian telescope planted on the lawn. Besides detecting by this means many of the small nebulz included in Sir William Herschel’s catalogue, she succeeded in discovering seven comets, in the discovery of five of which she could lay claim to priority, viz. those of 1786, 1788, 1791, 1793, and 1795. In 1797 she presented to the Royal Society a catalogue of 560 stars taken from Flamsteed’s observations, and not included in the British catalogue, together with a collection of errata that should be noticed in the same volume. Though she returned to Hanover in 1822 she did not abandon her astronomical studies, and in 1828 she completed the reduction, to January 1800, of 2500 nebulz discovered by her brother. In 1835 the Astronomical Society, to mark their sense of the benefits conferred on science by such a series of labo- rious exertions, unanimously resolved to present her with their gold medal, and also elected her an honorary member of the society. In 1846 she received a gold medal from the king of Prussia. She retained the use of her intellec- tual faculties, and also preserved her interest in science, to the close of a long life. Her death took place on 9th Jan- vary, 1848. Zhe Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel, by Mrs John Herschel, appeared at London in 1876.  HERSCHEL, (1738–1822), generally known as Sir William Herschel, one of the most illustrious of astronomers, was born at Hanover, November 15,1738. His father was a musician employed as hautboy player in the Hanoverian guards. The family had migrated from Bohemia in the early part of the 17th century, on account of religious troubles, they themselves being Protestants. Herschel’s earlier education was necessarily of a very limited character, chiefly owing to the troubles in which his country at that time was involved ; but, being at all times an indomitable student, he, by his own exertions, nore than repaired this deficiency of his youth. He became a very skilful musician, both theoretical and practical ; while his attainments as a self-taught mathematician were fully adequate to the prosecution of those branches of astronomy which, by his labours and his genius, he so eminently advanced and adorned. Whatever he did he did methodically and thoroughly ; and in this methodical thoroughness lay the secret of what Arago very properly terms his astonishing scientific success. In 1755, at the age of seventeen, he joined the band of the Hanoverian guards, and with his detachment visited England, accompanied by his father and eldest brother ; in the following year he returned to his native country, but two years later, impelled by the troubles that surrounded him, he finally quitted Hanover to scek his fortunes in England. As might have been expected, the earlier part of his career in his adopted country was attended with formid- able difficulties and much privation. We find him engaged in several towns in the north of England as organist and teacher of music, but these were occupations not attended with any lucrative results. In 1766 the tide of his fortunes began to flow, inasmuch as he obtained the appointment of organist to the Octagon Chapel in Bath, at that time the resort of the wealth and fashion of the city, and of its numerous distinguished visitors. The next five or six years of his life were spent in estab- lishing his reputation as a musician, and he thereby even- tually became the leading musical authority in the place, and the director of all the chief public musical entertain- ments. His circumstances having thus become easier, he revisited Hanover for the purpose of bringing back with him his sister Caroline, with the view of her rendering him such services as she could in his multifarious undertakings. She arrived in Bath with her brother in August 1772, being at that time in her twenty-third year. She thus describes her brother’s life soon after her arrival :—“ He used to retire to bed with a bason of milk or a glass of water, with Smith’s Harmonics and Ferguson’s