Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/746

Rh 712 If for a bachelor, the hatchment bears upon a shield his arms, crest, and other appendages, the whole on a black ground. If for a single woman her arms are re presented upon a lozenge, bordered with knotted rib bons, also on a black grounl. If the hatchment be for a married man (as in fig. 155), his arms upon a shiell impale those of his wife ; or if she be an heiress they are placed upon a scutcheon of pre tence, and crest and other appendages are added. The dexter half of the ground is black, the sinister white. For a wife whose husband is alive the same arrange- Fi s- 155 - ment is used, but the sinister ground only is black. For a widower the same is used as for a married man, but the whole ground is black ; for a widow the husband s arms are given with her own, but upon a lozenge, with ribbons, without crest or appendages, and the whole ground is black. When there have been two wives or two husbands tb.3 ground is divided into three parts per pale, and the division behind the arms of the survivor is white. Colours and military or naval emblems are sometimes placed be hind the arms of military or naval officers. It is thus easy to discern from the hatchment the sex, condition, and quality, and possibly the name of the deceased. In Scottish hatchments it is not unusual to place the arms of the father and mother of the deceased in the two lateral angles of the lozenge, and sometimes the 4, 8, or 16 genealogical escutcheons are ranged along the margin. Undertakers are fond of substituting &quot; In coelo quies &quot; or some such commonplace for the family motto. This is irregular. The literature of heraldry commences with the treatises of Susso- ferrato about 1358, De Fosse in the reign of Richard II., and Upton about!441, all written in Latin and printed by Sir E. Bysshe in 1(554. They are followed by the Hokc of St Allans, written by Dame Juliana Berners, prioress of Sopwell, and printed in 1486. These, especially those of Upton and Dame Juliana, are valuable. The lady writes in a mixture of early English and Latin, but her de scriptions are intelligible and copious. These writeis were followed by a crowd of others, of whom the chief weie Gerard Leigh, Feme, and Morgan, who wrote in the latter half of the 16th century. Their great aim was to elevate their subject by tracing back the use of armoiries to the patriarchs ami heroes of Jewish and pagan an tiquity, whom they invested with coats of arms on the type of those used by Norman barons. Thcie are traces of this folly in Dame Juliana, but it reached its height in the writings of her successors, and was not quite extinguished when Guillim wrote his Display of Heraldry in 1610. Guillim, whose work is still a standard, wrote in English, but as late as 1654 and 1688 Spelman, in his Aspilogia, and John Gibbon strove hard to restore the use of a dead language upon a subject to which it was eminently unsuitable. In 1722 and 1780 were published the excellent volumes of Kisbet, chiefly relating to Scotland, and of Edmondson, whose list or ordinary of bearings was long very useful to those who seek to identify the name to which a coat belongs, until superseded by the very laborious and far more complete work of Papworth. Recently the same critical spirit that has pervaded the works of our historians has been applied with equal diligence to the whole subject of heraldry ; a number of authors, led by Flanche, Boutell, Seton, Nichols, and Lower, have set aside all the fabulous pretensions and baseless assertions of the earlier writeis, have sifted the old evidence and adduced much that is new. The whole subject of heraldic and quasi-heraldic seals has been brought under notice by the publication of Laing s fine plates of Scottish seals ; and it may truly be said that the real origin and growth of the use of armorial bearings is placed before the reader in the books of these writers in a truthful and most attractive form. (G-. T. C. ) FIG. 156. Arms of the Dukes of Murlborough. The above figure represents the armovial achievement of the dukes of Marlborough, princes of the Holy Roman Empire and of Mindclheim in Swabia. The