Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/745

Rh APPENDAGES.] HERALDRY 711 elector s badge of arch-treasurer. The doges of Venice and Genoa bore a peculiar cap or toque, seen in Greek statuary, and upon the figures on the arch of Constantine. FIG. 136. Crown FIG. 137. Crown of of England. the Prince of Wales. Fig. 138. FIG. 139. Crown of Austria. The coronet is the head attire of a noble. In England those of princes of the blood are bordered with crosses FIG. HO. Crown of France (old). FIG 141. The Pope s Crown. FIG. 142. The Sultan s Tiara. pate&quot;e and fletirs-cle-lys under a regulation of 13 Charles II. (fig. 143). The princesses alternate the same ornaments with strawberry leaves (fig 144). The coronet of a duke is bor dered with eight strawberry leaves (fig. 145); that of a marquis with four alternating with four pearls placed on low points (fig. 14G). Fig. 143. Fig. 144. An earl s coronet- has eight strawberry leaves alternating with eight pearls upon tall points (fig. 147). The viscount borders his coronet with an indefinite number of pearls, Fig. 149. Fig. 143. Fig. 14G. Fig. 147. Fig. 148. set close upon the rim (fig. 148). The baron s coronet, granted to the order by Charles II., carries six pearls placed on the rim at equal intervals, four being seen at once (fig. 149). These coronets are all lined with ermine, and enriched with jewels. Ou occasions of state, when not worn by the peer, they are carried before him on a cushion. The eldest sons of peers above the rank of viscount wear the coronet due to their father s second title. The crowns of the kings at-arms are of gold, bordered with and encircled by the motto &quot; Miserere mei, Domine.&quot; The ducal, as an ancient form of coronet, is often used without reference to rank, as the base for a crest. It was so used by Sir Simon de Felbrigge in 1442. A bishop has neither crest nor coronet, but ensigns his arms with a mitre. The bishops of Durham, while palatines, placed their mitre in a ducal coronet, as though without authority do the archbishops (fig. 150). The Berkeley crest is a mitre. The ancient mitre was low, and of linen stiffened with vellum. The central band and the margin, embroidered with fleurs-de-lys or other patterns, were called the orphreys. The pendent side ribbons were the &quot; infulae.&quot; Prelates of the church of Rome ensign ^ their shields with a hat, the tassels of which indicate their rank. A cardinal has four Fig - m rows of red tassels, arranged 1, 2, 4, 8, or 15 on each side; an archbishop the same, but green. A bishop has three rows, an abbot two; the abbot s hat is black. Prelates and legates place a patriarchal cross in pale behind their shield. The Helmet also indicates the rank of the wearer. It is placed above the shield, and beneath the crest. The sovereign and the royal family bear the helmet full-faced or affrontee with six bars, all of gold (fig. 151). Those of dukes and marquises are of gold with five steel bars (fig. Fig. 151. Fig. 152. Fig. 103. Fig. 154. 152). The lesser nobles have silver helmets borne in pro file with gold ornaments and four silver bars. Those of baronets and knights are of steel, full-faced and open (fig. 153). An esquire s helmet is of steel, represented in pro file, with the vizor closed (fig. 154). These distinctions were probably introduced after the Restoration. The Mantling is a sort of cloak or mantle of fur extended behind the shield, and sufficiently ample to include the whole achievement. Those of sovereigns are of gold doubled with ermine, and are called &quot; pavilions.&quot; Peera mantlings are of crimson velvet, doubled with white fur and barred with ermine spots; a duke has four bars, a marquia three and a half, an earl three, a viscount two and a half, and a baron two. Commoners use red mantlings lined with white fur. The prior of St John, whose place was on the right of the temporal barons, used a sable mantling doubled with murrey. The pavilion of France was of blue velvet, powdered with gold fleurs-de-lys, and lined with ermine. Such a mantling may be seen behind the arms of Beaumont in Rothley Temple chapel, in right of their descent from the blood-royal of France. Certain officers of state accompanied their armorial shields with exterior marks of their rank. The Earl Marshal placed two truncheons saltirewise behind his shield, tipped above with the arms of England, and below with his own arms. His deputy places one truncheon in bend dexter. In Scotland the Lord High Constable, the earl of Errol, places on either side of his shield an arm issuant from a cloud, and grasping a sword. Under the old monarchy the French colonels commandant placed the standards of their regiments saltirewise behind their shields. The Lords High Admiral have been variously distin guished. Thomas de Berkeley bears on his brass a collar of tritons. Thomas, duke of Exeter, sealed with a ship and his arms on the mainsail. The anchor in some form or other was a common emblem. Merchants marks are scarcely heraldic, though they took the place of arms with the trading classes. They were usually monograms of the name or initials. They were protected by law as marks on goods, and are seen on mer chants tombs and sometimes in architecture. FUNERAL ESCUTCHEONS. Some of the. most valuable records in the College of Arms are the certificates of funerals conducted under their super intendence and authority. These gorgeous and expensive ceremonials have happily fallen into disuse, save on very rare occasions, and for royal persons or eminent public characters. The last private funeral conducted with any thing like the ancient ceremonial was that of Charles, carl of Shrewsbury, in 1828. All that is now usual is the sus pension of a shield of arms in a Inrge black lozenge-shaped frame called a hatchment or achievement against the wall of the house of the deceased. It is usually placed over the entrance at the level of the second floor, and remains for rom six to twelve months, when it is removed to the parish church. Even this custom, scarcely consistent with living in hired houses and burying in cemeteries, is falling into disuse, though still not uncommon.