Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/723

Rh PIVISIONS OF ARMS.] HEKALDRY 689 duchies and provinces. Simon de Montfort thus used the arms of the Honour of Hinkley. Richard de Monthermer (who married the countess of Gloucester, and was, by courtesy, earl of that name) at Caerlavrock, while he bore on his shield his own arms, &quot; or, an eagle displayed vert,&quot; on his banner displayed &quot;or, three chevrons gules&quot; for the earldom. So also Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, (died 1446), used on one of his seals the three fusils of Montacute, because he held lands which belonged to that barony. The Book of Si Albans says that, if the king grant a lordship to a yeoman entitling him to bear arms, he may. take those of that lordship. Under this head may be described the armorial shield of Great Brit.iin (fig. 1). The arms, gules 3 lions passant in pale or, are for England, and are so borne by the kings of England till the reign of Edward III., who in 1340 quartered with them, in the first quarter, the arms of France, azure, seme e of fleurs-de-lys or. Thus they con tinued till the latter part of the reign of Henry IV., when the fleurs-de-lys were reduced to three. No alteration occurred in the royal achievement during any of the succeeding reigns till the accession of James VI. of Scot land to the throne of England, when that sovereign intro duced the royal arms of Scotland into the second quarter, and the arms of Ireland into the third quarter. The royal arms were thus borne by all the monarchs of the house of Stewart till the reign of Anne, though William III. bore over the quarterings of the royal arms those of his Dutch dominions the house of Nassau. In the I FIG. 1. Arms of Great Britain. reign of Anne a change again took place, occasioned by the union of England and Scotland; and the arms of these kingdoms were impaled in the first and fourth quarters (England on the dexter, Scotland on the sinister) ; France was removed to the second; and Ireland retained its former position. On the accession of the house of Bruns wick in 1714, the fourth quarter in the royal shield gave place to the arms of his Majesty s German dominions, an arrangement which continued till 1st January 1801, when, upon the Union of Great Britain and Ireland, the arms of France were excluded, England occupied the first and fourth quarters, Scotland the second quarter, and Ireland its old position in the third quarter ; while over all, on an escutcheon of pretence, were placed the arms of Hanover, ensigned with the electoral bonnet, in 1816 exchanged for the Hanoverian crown. On the death of William IV. Hanover passed away, and its arms were withdrawn, and the present arrangement introduced. In Scotland, and in Scotch official documents, the Scottish coat is placed in the first quarter. It bears &quot; or, a lion rampant, within a double tressure flory-counterflory, gules.&quot; There is no positive authority for any early coat of arms being used for Ireland, though the bearing &quot; azure, 3 crowns in pale or &quot; granted by Richard III. to De Vere has been so regarded. From the reign of Henry VIL, &quot;azure, a harp or, strings argent,&quot; has been regarded as the Irish coat, and as such Is inserted into the imperial shield. There is no authority of any standing for a coat of arms for the whole of the principality of Wales, but the coat usually attributed to it is &quot;quarterly azure and gules, 4 lions passant gardant^, counterchanged.&quot; The ancient princes of Wales would scarcely have adopted the lions of England. Moreover, this coat was never used by any leading chief in either middle or south Wales. In Scotland arms territorial are much recognized. The dukes of Athole quarter Man. The garbs are quartered by the Erskines for the earldom of Bute. When Archibald Douglas was created duke of Touraine, he placed the arms of that duchy, three fleurs-de-lys, on his first quarter, before those of Douglas, Annandale, and Galloway. The dukes of Richmond bear three buckles for the dukedom of Aubigny. &quot;Paly of 6 argent and sable&quot; are the reputed arms of the earldom of Athole, and &quot;a saltire between 4 roses &quot; those of that of Lennox. To this head belong arms of pretension, where a sovereign claims de jure a possession which he no longer holds, and sometimes never held, de facto. Thus the kings of England from Edward III. to George III. bore the French lilies, and claimed to be kings of France, and the kings of Sardinia and Naples used the arms of Cyprus and Jerusalem. In fact, nearly all the older sovereigns of Europe used arms of this character. The armorial shield of the Louse of Austria at the dissolution of the empire affords a number of curious examples of arms of pretension. Besides Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia, it contained Aragon and Sicily, Brabant, Swabia, Antwerp, Flanders, Burgund}, Naples, Jerusalem, Lombardy, and Milan. 2. Arms of Communities are borne by coiporations, religious houses, colleges, cities and boroughs, the cinque ports, guilds, and inns of court, some of which were allowed arms from an early period. These are very generally adopted in honour of some founder, great benefactor, or early and distinguished member of the body. Thus Birmingham bears the arms of the barons of that name, Manchester of the Byrons, Leicester of the Bellomonts, Cardiff of the De Clares. Of religious houses Atherstone bore the arms of Basset ; Garendon of the earls of Leicester ; Kirby-Bellers of Bellers, Of colleges, Balliol and All Souls at Oxford, and Pembroke and Clare at Cambridge, so com memorate Balliol, Chichele, Valence, and De Clare. The Cinque Ports all bear a part of the arms of England. The arms of the guilds and city companies usually contain some allusion to their trade ; those of the grocers are 9 cloves; of the fishmongers, 3 dolphins; of the blacksmiths; 3 hammers. Of the inns of court, the Inner and Middle- Temples bear badges of that order; Lincoln s Inn uses the purple lion of the De Lacys, earls of Lincoln ; Furnival s Inn the bend and martlets of the Barons Furnival. A bishop, as a corporation sole, represents his see and bears its arms. These usually contain some ecclesiastical emblem, keys, crosses, mitres, martyrs crowns, or the like. Here ford bears the arms of Cantilupe, possibly from its can onized bishop of that family. The arms of Lichfield and Coventry are founded upon those of Jerusalem ; London, Winchester, and Bath and Wells assert their temporal power by bearing swords. The English sees were early provided with arms, but in Scotland they were of very late introduction. Bishops before the 17th century seem XL 87