Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/713

Rh bably the same as the grammarian that acted as tutor to the emperor Verus about  HEPHÆSTUS, a word of uncertain derivation but certainly pre-Greek in formation (Kuhn, Zeitschr., v. 214), denotes among the Greeks a god who represents the power of fire and its appliance in the operations of daily life, corresponding to the Latin Vulcan. A clear distinction must be drawn between the Hellenic god and the deity worshipped by the Pelasgic races. Though the word Hephaestus is used by Homer in the sense of fire, yet in the Hellenic god no elemental idea is at all prominent. The Hellenic religion had raised itself far above such con ceptions of the divine power, and its gods were moral powers. Zeus, the ruler of the world, whose will, according to the finest Hellenic conception, is fate, is surrounded by a court in which Hephaestus appears as the divine artificer, an object rather of laughter than of respect to the other gods. No worship was paid him, for his altar at Olympia seems not to have been an ancient institution. The fire of the hearth, as the centre of family and city unity, is now personified under a purely Greek name, Hestia ; but here again it is not the elemental but the moral conception that is the predominant idea in the goddess (see ). The similarity between the divine artificer of the Greeks and tha Finnish Ilmarine or the German Wieland, who has degenerated finally into the Wayland Smith of Scott s Kenilworth, has been often pointed out, and the starting- point of them all is the smith who makes the new sun every morning (see Mannhardt, Zeitschr. f. EthnoL, 1875, p. 221). The round disk of the sun has in poetic treatment become the shield of Achilles, whose fabrication is the great deed of Hephaestus in the Iliad. This artificer is naturally represented as married to the dawn, Aphrodite or Charis (see ), as Wieland marries the Swan-maiden ; and the girdle of Aphrodite which Hephaestus made is the halo of rays that heralds the rising sun. All wonderful works cams to be attributed to the divine smith ; in particular tha house of the gods has been made by Ilmarine and by Hephaestus ; and they also, like Wieland, have made metal figures that move and almost equal living beings. In general the art of working metals by the hammer is under his patronage a fact which points out this art as one of the very oldest known to the race (Conze, Goiter- und Heroen-Gfestalteii, s.v.). In local traditions a set of elfish creatures like the Idaean Dactyls or the dwarfs in German legend were often put in place of this divine smith. The belief which in Lipara and Strongyle was associated with Hephaestus, that any one that put a lump of iron in a certain spot at night found next morning the article he wished ready made, provided he paid the required price, is in some parts of Germany attached to a correspond ing set of dwarfs. An ill-omened character often attached to the works of Hephaestus, as to that of the Telchines or the German dwarfs. Other points in the Hellenic Hephaestus can be explained only by a reference to the worship of the older Pelasgic tribes. When Homer (II., i. 593) says that he was hurled by his father Zeus down to the earth, the reference to the lightning is unmistakable (Welcker, Gr t Gutt., i. G61). Again the weak legs always attributed to Hephaestus remind us of the serpent legs of his son Erichthonius ; and serpents occur often as symbols of lightning. Homer (I.e.) says that Hephaestus fell on Lemnos, whose inhabitants tended him ; he evidently considers that the Hellenic deity was identical with the Pelasgic god. Wherever a Pelasgic race is most certain, there the god is found, associated with the Cabiri : he is tha Cabirus par excellence (Herod., iii. 37). Among these tribes the power of fire was considered the life-giving and reproductive power of nature, and the deity in whom it was embodied became the chief object of their worship. Hence on the coins of Imbros an ithyphallic Hephaestus appears. As Greek influence prevailed among the kindred Pelasgic tribes, their native worship survived in the form of mysteries, and their proper gods, whose nature was revealed to the initiated, became in popular tradition heroic or demoniac figures who were the founders of the mysteries (v., and comp. Lenormant in D Arem- berg s Diet, des Antiquites, art. &quot; Cabeiri&quot;). This Hephaes tus or Cabirus is the lightning that has descended to earth and become there the origin of all life, and according to Pindar (Fr. 162) the first man. The original conception, vague and wide like all primitive ideas, is that the heavenly and the subterranean fire are identical with the fire on earth. In both thunderstorm and dawn the fire of the sun is relighted after being for a time extinguished. In both the alternation of light and darkness was the prominent fact. In the thunderstorm the sparks emitted from the sun descend as the lightning to earth. This original power of fire has been developed in various ways ; the higher thought of the Greeks rejected such a naturalistic deity as the Pelasgic found congenial, while in Athens, where the Pelasgic element was very strong, Hephaestus occupied a correspondingly high place, and is in close relationship with Athene. In many ceremonies, as the Lampadephoria, they were associated ; and at the Apaturia honour was paid to Zeus Phratrius, Athene, and Hephaestus. In the oldest traditions they were perhaps married, and their son Erichthonjus was the parent of the Athenian people. When the Hellenic conception of the maiden-goddess Athene prevailed, this connexion was transformed into an unsuccessful attempt of Hephaestus at a union with Athene, But the marvellous birth of Erichthonius is an ancient feature, as it occurs in Vedic tradition (Kuhn, Zeitschr., i. 443).

1em  HERA, a word of which many different derivations have been proposed, is the name of a Greek goddess, corresponding to the Latin Juno, who according to the conventional type is the wife of Zeus and queen among the gods of Olympus. In the literature of the Greeks Hera fills a very conspicuous place the strong, haughty, and rebellious character, full of intense hatreds and likings, which was associated with her, made her a pic turesque and dramatic figure. According to this concep tion of her, she was daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and at once sister and wife of Zeus. She was always the bitter enemy of all the heroines who were the successive objects of her husband s love, and her persecution of them and of their children often forms the theme of poets from the Iliad (xxiii. 119) downwards. This type, which is the familiar one in all literature, had never any real existence in religion ; but had been gradually elaborated by poets from the actual deity worshipped in various parts of Greece, and from the legends transmitted to the Greeks from earlier races. The most characteristic and fundamental point in the worship of Hera is the iepos ya/xo?, her marriage with Zeus ; and from this any explanation of the conception involved in the goddess must start. Again in Greek legend we learn that a close connexion exists between Hera and the cow, and that probably she was originally thought to have the 