Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/706

672 da Guzman. The extraordinary series of cold-blooded murders which earned for Pedro his unenviable surname encouraged Henry, then known as count of Trastamara, to lead repeated rebellions, in which, with the aid of the French under Du Giiesclin, and in spite of the opposition of the English under the Black Prince, he was ultimately successful in. He immediately proceeded to direct his arms against the most formidable of his numerous enemies, King Ferdinand of Portugal, and by four campaigns, during the last of which he forced his way to the very gates of Lisbon (March ), succeeded in establishing a favourable peace. At the same time he entered into a treaty with the king of Navarre, which subsisted, however, for only three ; in friendly relations with the king of Aragon were formed, which were cemented by the marriage of the daughter of the latter to Don Juan of Castile. The reign of Henry II., which was devoted rather to defensive than to aggressive warfare, was not marked by any of the usual exploits against the Moors, but it is distinguished in the annals of Castile by some noteworthy improvements in legislation and reforms in the administration of justice, sanctioned in the cortes of Toro in and ; and Spanish historians also mention with special pride the defeat of the English by the Spanish fleet at Rochelle in. Henry died, of poison it is supposed, on May 30,, and was succeeded by his son John (Juan) I.  HENRY III. (–), king of Castile, surnamed el Doliente (the sickly), succeeded his father John I. in, when only eleven years of age. During his minority, the question of the regency not having been very clearly settled by his father, the kingdom was in a constant state of disturbance, bordering upon civil war ; unable to satisfy the rival claims of Don Fadrique, Don Alonso, and the archbishop of Toledo, Henry at last resolved, minor as he was, to take the reins of government entirely into his own hands. By energetic measures he succeeded within two in quelling the turbulence of his nobles, in establishing his own popularity with the body of the people, and thus in effecting the pacification of his kingdom. The only foreign war during this reign was that with Portugal, which terminated in the peace of ; a great expedition against the kingdom of Granada, for which extensive preparations had been made, and for which large grants from the cortes held in Toledo in had been obtained, was brought to an abrupt termination by the death of Henry at that city on December 25 of the. It was during this reign that the sovereignty of the Canary Islands was assumed by Castile ; and an interesting indication of at least a widening interest in foreign affairs was afforded by the mission of a solemn embassy to Tamerlane in. Henry III. was succeeded by John II., his eldest son by Catherine of Lancaster, whom he had married in. See Davila, Historic de la Vida y Hechos del Rey Don Henrique Tercero de CastiUa (1638).  HENRY IV. (–), king of Castile, surnamed el Impotente (the impotent) and sometimes el Liberal (the spendthrift), the eldest son of John II. by his first wife Maria of Aragon, was born at Valladolid on January 6,. As prince of Asturias he took a prominent and generally an unfilial part in most of the disturbances of his father s reign; in a pitched battle between the king and the prince was prevented only at the last moment by the in tervention of the clergy and some of the nobles ; and peace was not finally secured until when Pope Nicholas V. issued his bull of excommunication against all those in the peninsula who, by perplexing the affairs of the sovereign, were disastrously helping the cause of the infidels. In Henry had in accordance with a treaty signed in  been united to Blanche of Aragon ; but this marriage, which had not been happy and which had given cause to many scandalous reports, he dissolved in  shortly before his accession to the throne on his father s death in July of that year. He began his reign with a great show of energy against the Moors ; but the boldness of his intentions con trasted strangely with the feebleness of his execution ; and the unsatisfactory character of the results attained tended greatly to bring to a head the discontent which his indolent inattention to home affairs, his reckless extravagance, and the disorders of his private life had not failed to create. In occurred at Avila the extraordinary scene, so often described, of the king s deposition in favour of his brother Alphonso ; this was followed in, shortly after Alphonso s death, by the election of his sister Isabella, who, however, declined to accept the proffered crown. In the Henry was forced to repudiate his wife Joanna of Portugal and to disinherit her daughter Juana (la Beltraneja) whom he had unsuccessfully attempted to put forward as also his ; and thus the succession became fixed in favour of Isabella, who was married to Ferdinand of Aragon in the. Henry died at Madrid on December 12,.

1em  HENRY I. (c.–), king of Navarre, surnamed le Gros, third count of Champagne, was the youngest son of Theobald I. of Navarre by Margaret of Foix, and succeeded his eldest brother Theobald II. in December. His proclamation at Pamplona, however, did not occur till March of the following year, and his coronation was delayed until May. After a brief reign, characterized it is said by dignity and talent, he died in July, suffocated, according to the generally received accounts, with his own fat. In him the male line of the counts of Champagne, kings of Navarre, became extinct. He was succeeded by his only legitimate child Joanna, born in, by whose marriage to Philip le Bel in the crown of Navarre became for a time united to that of France.  HENRY II. (–), or Henri d'Albret, titular king of Navarre, born at Sanguessa in April, was the eldest son of Jean d'Albret by Catherine of Navarre ; and on the death of the latter in exile in June succeeded his parents in all their claims against Ferdinand the Catholic, assuming under the protection of Francis I. of France the title of king of Navarre. After the ineffectual conferences at Noyon and at Montpellier, an active effort was made in  to establish him in the de facto sovereignty ; but the French troops which, under Andre' de l'Esparre, had seized the country were ultimately expelled by the Spanish viceroy, the duke of Najera. Henry, who along with Francis was taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia but afterwards contrived to escape, married Margaret, the only sister of the latter, in, and by her became the father of Jeanne d'Albret, the mother of Henry IV. of France. He died at Pan on May 25,.  HENRY III. of. See of.  HENRY, (–), of Portugal, surnamed &quot; the Navigator,&quot; to whose enlightened foresight and perseverance the human race is indebted for the maritime discovery, within one century, of more than half the globe, was born at Oporto, on the 4th of March. His father was João I., under whose reign Portugal first began to recover from her subjugation by the Moors, and to assume a prominent position among the nations of Europe; his mother was Philippa, daughter of John of Gaunt. Prince Henry and his elder brothers, Duarte and Pedro, were sent 