Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/705

] Parisian development of the League under the &quot; sixteen &quot;, with its devotion to Henry, duke of Guise, and its determination to exclude the heretic of Navarre, to depose the wavering Henry III., and to make Cardinal Bourbon king, this, as well as the menacing attitude of Philip II. of Spain, forced Henry III. to draw towards his distant cousin Henry of Navarre. And so he was driven to desperation by the commanding position assumed by the house of Guise; and in Henry of Guise and his brother the cardinal were assassinated by his orders. Henry III. now found himself powerless ; early in he again joined Henry of Navarre, and with him laid siege to Paris. There he was murdered by one Jacques Clemsnt, a priest. With Henry III. ended the direct line of the house of Valois. In his young days he had been enthusiastic for learning and the new religious opinions; as he grew older he grew worse ; and the last of the sons of Catherine de Medici was perhaps the most debauched of the kings who hitherto had sat on the throne of France.

1em  HENRY IV. (–), king of France, was born in the castle of Pan in, being son of Antony of Bourbon, king of Navarre and duke of Vendome, and Jeanne of Albret. By his father he was tenth in descent from Saint Louis, and only a very distant cousin to his predecessor, Henry III. His mother, a grand and noble facly, brought him up as a Calvinist. His education was rough and hard, and fostered that originality of character which so marked his life; his military training was under the great captain, Gaspard of Coligny. In he was wedded to the daughter of Catherine de' Medici, Margaret of Valois ; and on his mother s death in he became king of Navarre. The massacre of St Bartholomew found him in Paris ; but his life was spared on his making a profession of Catholicism, which lasted till he succeeded in escaping from court in. Thenceforward he became acknowledged head of the Huguenots, and by his dashing bravery kept life in their dispirited forces. No man was better fitted for such work ; he had all the qualities of a guerilla leader, though he was not a great general. His success at Coutras and the joyousness and generosity of his character endeared him to his followers, while it secured the respect even of his opponents. After the death of Henry III. he was recognized as king of France by only a portion of the army then besieging Paris (August 4, ) ; the Catholic &quot; Politiques &quot; in the army stood aloof and disbanded ; the Huguenots formed the only sound nucleus of his power. At Arques and Ivry  he brilliantly defeated the Leaguers, and resumed the siege of Paris ; Alexander of Parma, however, prevented him from taking Rouen  ; much less could he take Paris. Finding affairs hard, and desiring to be a king and not a guerilla-captain, in Henry allowed himself to be converted to Catholicism. By this step he struck a deadly blow at the League and made powerless the intrigues of Philip II. For between the fanatical Catholics on one side and the Huguenots on the other lay the great bulk of Frenchmen; the &quot;Politique&quot; party had become more and more powerful, until at length it was felt to be the true national party. The only thing which kept it from Henry was the difference of faith ; that barrier removed, all France at once joyfully accepted him as king. The Leaguers became almost a foreign body ; the Huguenots gloomily accepted his triumph, bought, as they held, at cost of principle. After the battle of Fontaine-Franchise in the Spanish and Leaguers were driven out of Burgundy, and the recovery of Amiens from the Spaniards in  secured Picardy and the northern frontier. The Satire Mcnippte, published in and, had already condemned the Leaguers as hirelings of the Spanish king ; and in April  by the edict of Nantes Henry assured their position to his old Huguenot followers, while by the peace of Vervius (May ) he ended the Spanish war, and took from the League its last source of strength. After the energies of Henry IV. were given to the restoration of his country, which in nearly forty of civil war had suffered terribly ; the organizing genius of Maximilian of Bethune, duke of Sully, restored the finances ; agriculture, manufactures, and commerce made marvellous advances. Henry also upheld the authority of France ; in he acquired Bresse, Bugey, and Valromey from Savoy. He supported the Netherlands against Spain, and he was preparing a great army, which, in combination with the Dutch under Maurice of Nassau, was to interfere in the tangled Cleves-Juliers question, when he was assassinated by Ravaillac on the 14th of May. For his character see ,. Henry IV. left no children by his first wife Margaret of Valois ; by his second, Marie de' Medici, he had three sons and three daughters, Louis, who succeeded him as Louis XIII.; a child who died in ; Gaston, duke of Orleans, the meanest of the race ; Elizabeth, wife of Philip IV. king of Spain; Christine, wife of Victor Amadeus, duke of Savoy; and la-tly Henriette Marie, queen of England, spouse of Charles I. He also left behind him several natural children, of whom the most celebrated was Ce&quot;sar, duke of Vendome, son of the famous Gabriel! e d Estre&quot;es.

1em  HENRY I. (–), king of Portugal, born at Lisbon, January 31,, was the third son of Emanuel the Fortunate, was destined for the church, and in was raised to the archiepiscopal see of Braga. In he received the cardinal s hat, and in  when he was called to succeed his grandnephew Sebastian on the throne, he held the archbishoprics of Lisbon and Coimbra as well as that of Braga, in addition to the wealthy abbacy of Alcobazar. As an ecclesiastic he was pious, pure, simple in his mode of life, charitable, and a learned and liberal patron of letters ; but as a sovereign he proved weak, timid, and incapable. On his death in after a brief reign of seventeen  the male line of the royal family which traced its descent from Henry, first count of Portugal (c.), came to an end; and all attempts to fix the succession during his lifetime having ignominiously failed, Portugal became an easy prey to Philip II. of Spain.  HENRY I. (c.–), king of Castile, son of King Alphonso &quot; the Noble,&quot; by Eleanor, daughter of Henry II. of England, succeeded his father in, and was killed by the falling of a tile in, after a raign of only two and nine. He was succeeded by Ferdinand III., son of his sister Berenguela.  HENRY II. (–), king of Castile, surnamed el Bastardo or de la Merced^ was one of the six illegitimate sons of King Alphonso &quot; the Avenger,&quot; and consequently half-brother to Pedro the Cruel, who legally succeeded to the throne of Castile in. His mother was Leonora 