Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/689

Rh HENNERSDORF, or, a manufac turing village of Saxony, in the circle of Bautzen, and 20 miles S.S.E. of tlie town of that name. The inhabitants are engaged iniweaving and bleaching, and in the manu facture of woollen goods, satin, arnotto, machinery, bricks, and wooden shoes. There is also an iron foundry. (1875), 6366.  HENRIETTA MARIA (–1666), queen of Charles I. of England, born November 25,, was the daughter of Henry IV. of France. When the first overtures for her hand were made on behalf of Charles, prince of Wales, in the spring of 1624, she was little more than fourteen years of age. Her brother, Louis XIII., only consented to the marriage on the condition that the English Roman Catholics were relieved from the operation of the penal laws. When therefore she set out for her new home in June 1625, she had already pledged the husband to whom she had been married by proxy on May 1 to a course of action which was certain to bring unpopularity on him as well as upon herself. That husband was now king of England. The early ye irs of the married life of Charles I. were most unhappy. He soon found an excuse for breaking his promise to relieve the English Catholics. His young wife was deeply offended by treatment which she naturally regarded as unhandsome. The favourite Buckingham stirred the flames of his master s discontent. Charles in vain strove to reduce her to tame submission. After the assassination of Buckingham in 162S the barrier between the married pair was broken down, and the bond of affection which from that moment united them was never loosened.For some years Henrietta Maria s chief interests lay in her young family, arid in the amusements of a gay and brilliant court. She loved to be present at dramatic enter tainments, and her participation in the private rehearsals of the Shepherd s Pastoral, written by her favourite Walter Montague, probably drew down upon her the savage attack of Prynne. With political matters she hardly meddled as yet. Even her co-religionists found little aid from her till the summer of 1637. She had then recently opened a diplomatic communication with the see of Rome. She appointed an agent to reside at Rome, and a papal agent, a Scotchman named Con, accredited to her, was soon engaged in effecting conversions amongst the English gentry and nobility. Henrietta Maria was well pleased to become a patroness of so holy a work, especially as she was not asked to take any personal trouble in the matter. Protestant England took alarm at the proceedings of a queen who associated herself so closely with the doings of &quot; the grim wolf with privy paw.&quot; When the Scottish troubles broke out, she raised money from her fellow Catholics to support the king s army on the borders in 1639. During the session of the Short Parlia ment in the spring of 1640, the queen urged the king to oppose himself to the House of Commons in defence of the Catholics. When the Long Parliament met, the Catholics were believed to be the authors and agents of every arbi trary scheme which was supposed to have entered into the plans of Strafford or Laud. Before the Long Parliament had sat for two months, the queen was urging upon the pope the duty of lending money to enable her to restore her husband s authority. She threw herself heart and soul into the schemes for rescuing Strafford and coercing the parlia ment. The army plot, the scheme for using Scotland against England, and the attempt upon the five members were the fruits of her political activity. In the next year the queen effected her passage to the Continent, In February 1643 she landed at Burlington Quay, placed herself at the head of a force of loyalists, arid marched through England to join the king near Oxford. After little more than a year s residence there, on April 3, 1644, she left her husband to see his face no more. At Exeter she gave birth to her youngest child, who was one day to be duchess of Orleans, and to negotiate the treaty of Dover. Henrietta Maria found a refuge in France. Richelieu was dead, and Anne of Austria was compas sionate. As long as her husband was alive the queen never ceased to encourage him to resistance. During her exile in France she had much to suffer. Her husband s execution in 1649 was a terrible blow. She brought up her youngest child Henrietta in her own faith, but her efforts to induce her youngest son, the duke of Gloucester, to take the same course only produced discom fort in the exiled family. The story of her marriage with her attached servant Lord Jermyn needs more confirmation than it has yet received to be accepted, but all the informa tion which has reached us of her relations with her children points to the estrangement which had grown up between. them. When after the Restoration she returned to England, she found that she had no place in the new world. She received from parliament a grant of 30,000 a year in com pensation for the loss of her dower-lands, and the king added a similar sum as a pension for himself. In January 1661 she returned to France to be present at the marriage of her daughter Henrietta to the duke of Orleans. In July 1662 she set out again for England, and took up her residence once more at Somerset House. Her health failed her, and on June 24, 1665, she departed in search of the clearer air of her native country. She died on August 31, 1666, at Colombe, not far from Paris.  HENRY I. (–), king of England, fourth and youngest son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders, was born some time in the autumn of. Local tradition fixes his birthplace at Selby in Yorkshire. Little is known of his earlier life, except that he received an unusually good education, and attained a proficiency rare among the princes of his day. In he was dubbed knight. Next year his father bequeathed to him on his death-bed a sum of five thousand pounds, and is said to have foretold that he would eventually be king. Condemned, by the division of the Conqueror s territories, to a position of inferiority to his two brothers, he used his legacy to improve that position. Robert, being in need of money, sold him the districts of the Cotentin and the Avranchin, which he held of his brother as a fief. His relations with Robert were not always friendly, but he defended Normandy against Rufus, and aided his liege lord in putting down a revolt in Rouen. Nevertheless, in the treaty between William and Robert made in, he was excluded from the succession, and soon afterwards was deprived of his lands in Normandy. The treatment he met with from Robert was not likely to make him support the terms of the treaty of. Immediately after the death of Rufus, he rode to Win chester, and seized the royal hoard in that city. Next day (August 3, ) he was elected, king by such of the witan as were present, and on Sunday, August 5th, he was crowned at Westminster. In order to conciliate the clergy and the nation, he recalled Anselm, imprisoned Ranulf Flambard, and issued a comprehensive charier of liberties. Before the year was out he married Matilda, daughter of Malcolm and Margaret, and great-granddaughter of Edmund Ironside, a step which greatly strengthened his otherwise insecure title to the crown. The alliance thus contracted with the church and the nation was his constant support in the struggle with his brother and his unruly vassals, which began immediately. It resulted in the conquest of Normandy, the temporary suppression of feudalism, and the consolidation of royal power on both sides of the Channel. Robert, as soon as he returned from the Holy Land, attempted with the aid of a conspiracy in 