Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/675

Rh The town is well laid out, with long and wide streets run ning at right angles. The houses are large and well built, and the principal square contains several fine buildings, as the senate-house, the university, and a magnificent church. Helsingfors has a colossal Russo-Greek cathedral, assembly- rooms, botanical gardens, an observatory well supplied with both astronomical and magnetic instruments, a beautifully decorated theatre, and other handsome public buildings. The university, removed from Abo in 1827, has 4 faculties, 53 professors, and about 900 students, and possesses a museum with extensive natural history and mineralogical collections, an ethnological collection, and a chemical laboratory. There are scientific, literary, and other learned societies, a normal lyceum, polytechnic institute, school for the blind, school of navigation, asylum for the insane, hospitals, and other edu cational and charitable institutions. Helsingfors is the seat of the governor-general of Finland, the imperial senate, and all the central officers of the grand-duchy. In the hall of the senate-house is a splendid throne for the emperor ; in the ritter-house the various branches of the assembly meet, and there also are the remains of the library saved from the fire of Abo, and containing 15,000 volumes. Helsing fors has several machinery manufactures (one with 850 workpeople), and produces at the rate of 100,000 per annum ; it has also porcelain, faience, sugar, and tobacco factories. There are two considerable harbours, with a hanisome granite quay extending along the front of the town. In 1870 the was 32,113, in 1879 about 40,000.

1em 1em  HELST,, was born in Holland at the opening of the 17th century, and died at Amsterdam in 1G70. The date and place of his birth are uncertain; and it is equally difficult to confirm or to deny the time- honoured statement that he was born in 1G13 at Amster dam. It has been urged indeed by competent authority that Van der Heist was not a native of Amsterdam, because a family of that name lived as early as 1G07 at Haarlem, and pictures are shown as works of Van der Hol.it in the Haarlem Museum which might tend to prove that he was in practice there before he acquired repute at Amsterdam. Unhappily Bartholomew has not been traced amongst the children of Severijn van der Heist, who married at Haarlem in 1G07, and there is no proof that the pictures at Haarlem are really his; though if they were so they would show that he learnt his art from Frans Hals and became a skilled master as early as 1631. Scheltema, a very competent judge in matters of Dutch art chronology, supposes that Van der Heist was a resident at Amsterdam in 16 36. His first great picture, representing a gathering of civic guards at a brewery, is variously assigned to 1639 and 1643, and still adorns the town-hall of Amsterdam. His noble portraits of the burgomaster Bicker and Andreas Bicker the younger, in the gallery of Amsterdam, of the same date no doubt as Bicker s wife lately in the Ruhl collection at Cologne, were completed in 1642. From that time till his death there is no difficulty in tracing Van der Heist s career at Amsterdam. He acquired and kept the position of a distinguished portrait^painter, producing indeed little or nothing besides portraits at any time, but founding, in conjunction with Nicolaes de Helt Stokade, the painters guild at Amsterdam in 1654. At some unknown date he married Constance Reynst, of a good patrician family in the Netherlands, bought himself a house in the Doelenstrasse, and ended by earning a com petence. His likeness of Paul Potter at the Hague, executed in 1654, and his partnership with Backhuysen, who laid in the backgrounds of some of his pictures in 1668, indicate a constant companionship with the best artists of the time. Waagen has said that his portrait of Admiral Kortenaar, in the gallery of Amsterdam, betrays the teaching of Frans Hals, and the statement need not be gainsaid ; yet on the whole Van der Heist s career as a painter was mainly a pro test against the systems of Hals and Rembrandt. It is needless to dwell on the pictures which preceded that of 1648, called the Peace of Miinster, in the gallery of Amsterdam. The Peace challenges comparison at once with the so-called Night Watch by Rembrandt, and the less important but not less characteristic portraits of Hals and his wife in a neighbouring room. Sir Joshua Reynolds was disappointed by Rembrandt, whilst Van der Heist surpassed his expectation. But Burger asked whether Reynolds had not already been struck with blindness when he ventured on this criticism. The question is still an open one. But certainly Van der Heist attracts by qualities entirely differing from those of Rembrandt and Frans Hals. Nothing can be more striking than the contrast between the strong concentrated light and the deep gloom of Rem brandt and the contempt of chiaroscuro peculiar to his rival, except the contrast between the rapid sketchy touch of Hals and the careful finish and rounding of Van der Heist. The Peace is a meeting of guards to celebrate the signature of the treaty of Miinster. The members of the Doele of St George meet to feast and congratulate each other not at a formal banquet but in a spot laid out for good cheer, where De Wit, the captain of his company, can shake hands with his lieutenant Waveren, yet hold in solemn state the great drinking-horn of St George. The rest of the com pany sit, stand, or busy themselves around, some eating, others drinking, others carving or serving an animated scene on a long canvas, with figures large as life. Well has Burger said, the heads are full of life and the hands admirable. The dresses and subordinate parts are finished to a nicety without sacrifice of detail or loss of breadth in touch or impast. But the eye glides from shape to shape, arrested here by expressive features, there by a bright stretch of colours, nowhere at perfect rest because of the lack of a central thought in light and shade, harmonics, or composition. Great as the qualities of Van der Heist un doubtedly are, he remains below the line of demarcation which separates the second from the first-rate masters of art.

1em  HELSTON, a municipal and parliamentary and market- of England, county of Cornwall, is situated on the declivity of a hill on the river Cober, 9  S.W. 