Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/628

594 shall quake”; “The Soa of God goes forth to war.” Heber’s hymns and other poems are distinguished by finish of style, pathos, and soaring aspiration; but they lack originality, and are rather rhetorical than poetical in the strict sense.

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1em  HEBERDEN, (1710–1801), a practical physician of some celebrity, was born in London in the year 1710. Inthe end of 1724 he was sent to St John’s College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship about 1730, became master of arts in 1732, and took his degree in physic in 1739. He remained at Cambridge about ten years longer as a practitioner of physic, and gave an annual course of lectures on materia medica. In 1746 he became a fellow of the Royal College of Physiciansin London ; and two years afterwards he left Cambridge to establish himself in London, where he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1769, and was employed in a very extensive medical practice for more than thirty years. Latterly he passed his summers at a house which he had taken at Windsor, but he continued his practice during the winter for some years longer. In 1778 he was made an honorary member of the Royal Society of Medicine at Paris. He died 17th May 1801.

1em  HÉBERT, (1755–1794), a French revolu- tionist, surnamed from the newspaper he edited “ Le Pére Dachesne,” was born of obscure parents at Alengon in 1755. He came at an early age to Paris, where he lost more than one situation through malversation, and was in abject poverty when the occurrence of the French Revolution openzd up to him a career in which he obtained consider- able temporary success and permanent notoriety. Having shown great readiness and proficiency in a style of writing and of oratory which appealed to the worst feelings of the revolutionary mob, he soon acquired great influence in the clubs, and was chosen to oppose the constitutional paper Le Pére Duchesne by editing a revolutionary paper of the same name. ‘The scurrilous and extravagant language of the new print exactly coincided with the sentiments of the class to whom it was addressed, and it contributed not a little to several of the worst and most violent manifesta- tions of the revolutionary spirit. It had a very bene- ficial influence on the fortunes of its editor, who after the 10th August 1792 was one of the chief members of the revolutionary commune, and on the 2d September was appointed substitute to the procureur syndic. On the 24th May 1793 an order was sent out for his arrest by the more moderate party of the commune on the ground that he was plotting their assassination, but on account of a formidable outbreak of the mob he was set at liberty, ani when he appeared again at the commune he was pre- sentel with a civic crown. Having been appointed a member of the commission to examine Marie Antoinette, le with unsurpassed moral baseness foully accused her of a crime too scandalous to be mentioned, Along with several of his colleagues he invented the worship of the goddess ‘ Reason,” and subsequently he organized a party of ultra-revolutionists known as the Tébertists or enragés. The faction were, however, arrested by the committee of public safety, and on the 24th March 1794 were led forth to execution. Hébert behaved with great cowardice at his trial, and died amid the jeers and insults of the mob over whose passions he had at one time exercised such sway and to whom he owed his promotion to power.

1em  HEBREW LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. The name J/ebrew (Latin, Hebreus; Greek, éBpatos) is a tran- scription of ‘ebrdyd, the Aramaic equivalent of the original Old Testament word "133, “ibri, pl. “ibrim, which is the proper Gentile name of the people who also bore the collective name of Israel or Children of Israel (B’né Israel). The name of Israel with its sacred associations in the patriarchal history is that by which the Old Testament writers prefer to designate their nation; and this circumstance, combined with the fact that the Sacred Text frequently employs the term Hebrews where foreigners are introduced as speaking or spoken to (e.g., Exod. ii. 6; 1 Sam. iv. 6, 9; Gen. xl. 15; Ex. iii. 18), has led to the conjecture that the name of Hebrews (men from the other side, scil. of the Euphrates) was originally given to the descendants of Abraham by their Canaanite neighbours, and continued to be the usual designation of the Israelites among foreigners, just as the Magyars are known to other Europeans as Hungarians (foreigners), as we call the High- Dutch Germans (warriors), or as the Greeks gave the name of Pheenicians to the people that called themselves Canaanites. A closer view of the case does not confirm this conjecture. The name of Israel is often found in the Old Testament in the mouth of foreigners, and the whole usus loquendt is explained by the observation that the Gentile noun corresponding to the collective “Israel” is regularly ‘‘ Hebrew” and not “Israelite,” the latter word being rare and apparently of late formation. Nor has the word Hebrew been hitherto found in the early monuments of other Eastern nations; for the identification proposed by Chabas which finds the Hebrews in the hieroglyphic Apuriu is more than doubtful. On the other hand the name of Israel appears on the stone of Mesha king of Moab, and perhaps has been deciphered on Assyrian monuments. The form ‘tbré is, in the language of Semitic grammarians, a relative noun, presupposing the word ‘Eber as the name of the tribe, place, or common ancestor, from whom the Hebrews are designated. Accordingly we find Eber as a nation side by side with Assyria in the obscure poetical passage Num. xxiv. 24, and Eber as ancestor of the Hebrews in the genealogical lists of Gen. x., xi. Here we must apparently distinguish two records. According to