Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/576

542 connexion that he was the author of the long and elaborate article, &quot; Painting,&quot; in the 7th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. To form a correct estimate of Haydon it is necessary to read his autobiography. This is one of the most natural books ever written, full of various and abundant power, and fascinating to the reader. The author seems to have daguerreotyped his feelings and sentiments without restraint as they rose in his mind, and his portrait stands in these volumes limned to the life by his own hand. His love for his art was both a passion and a principle. He found patrons difficult to manage ; and, not having the tact to lead them gently, he tried to drive them fiercely. He failed, abused patrons and patronage, and intermingled talk of the noblest independence with acts not always dignified. He was self-willed to perversity, but his perseverance was such as is seldom associated with so much vehemence and passion. With a large fund of genuine self-reliance he combined a considerable measure of vanity. To the last he believed in his own powers and in the ultimate triumph of art. In taste he was deficient, at least as concerned himself. Hence the tone of self-assertion which he assumed in his advertise ments, catalogues, and other appeals to the public. He proclaimed himself the apostle and martyr of high art, and believed himself to have on that account a claim on tho sympathy and support of the nation. It must be confessed that he often tested severely those whom he called his friends. Every reader of his autobiography will be struck at the frequency and fervour of the short prayers inter spersed throughout the work. Haydon had an overwhelm ing sense of a personal, overruling, and merciful providence, which influenced his relations with his family, and to some extent with the world. His conduct as a husband and father entitles him to the utmost sympathy. In art his powers and attainments were undoubtedly very great, although his actual performances mostly fall short of the faculty which was manifestly within him ; his general range and force of mind were also most remarkable, and would have qualified him to shine in almost any path of intellec tual exertion or of practical work. His eager and combative character was partly his enemy ; but he had other enemies actuated by motives as unworthy as his own were always high-pitchel and on abstract grounds laudable. Of his three great works the Solomon, the Entry into Jerusalem, and the Lazarus the second has generally been regarded as the finest. The Solomon is also a very admirable pro duction, showing his executive power at its loftiest, and of itself enough to place Haydon at the head of British histori cal painting in his own time. The Lazarus, now in the National Gallery, is a more unequal performance, and in various respects open to criticism and censure ; yet the head of Lazarus is so majestic and impressive that, if its author had done nothing else, we must still pronounce him a potent pictorial genius.

1em  HAY FEVER,, or, a term applied to a catarrhal affection of the respiratory mucous membrane occurring in some individuals during the hay season, and. generally believed to be due to the inhalation of the emanations from the spring grass (AntJio- xanthum odoratum). It is an ailment of comparatively rare occurrence. The symptoms are those commonly experienced in the case of a severe cold or influenza, consisting of headache, violent sneezing, and watery discharge from the nostrils and eyes, together with dry hard cough, and occasionally severe asthmatic paroxysms. The attack usually runs a course of from two to six weeks, unless cut short by appropriate treatment, to which the complaint is in a considerable measure amenable. There is generally an annual recurrence of the disorder in those liable to it if they are exposed to its exciting cause, namely, the presence of hay. Symptoms of a similar character are produced in certain persons by the aroma of various flowers, by ipecacuan, and by the odour from cats, dogs, and rabbits. All such cases are examples of idiosyncrasy, and the individual is in general permanently susceptible to the influence of the excitant. In not a few instances an hereditary liability is traceable. The most effectual method of treatment in hay fever is to avoid the exciting cause, namely, the neighbour hood of grass fields, during the particular season. Removal to the seaside often succeeds in putting an end to an attack, and many persons who are liable to the complaint make such a change annually before its expected onset, and thus escape. For those who are unable to accomplish this, and must remain exposed to the noxious emanation, the use of a respirator is recommended. Of medicinal agents for affording relief during an attack, the usual remedies for asthma may be advantageously resorted to (see ), while the use of the nasal douche with a weak solution of quinine and the employment of creosote or carbolic acid inhalations have been suggested.  HAYLEY, (1745–1820), the friend and biographer of Cowper, and grandson of William II ay ley, dean of Chichester, was born in that city on the 9th November 1745. On account of mismanagement during a fever which he had while in a boarding school at Kingston, he was reduced to such prostration that the pre servation of his life appeared to present only tlie promise of hopeless lameness and idiocy, but by careful nursing his health was gradually completely restored, and after some years private tuition he pursued his studies at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1766 he procured a certificate of admission to the Middle Temple, London, but a short trial of legal studies was sufficient to dissipate the unexperienced preference which he had cherished for the profession of law. After his marriage in 1769 he stayed for some years chiefly in London, but in 1774 he retired to his patrimonial estate of Eartham in Sussex, resolved to spend the remainder of his days in rural quiet, with only such an amount of literary activity as might defy ennui and give a zest to life. Hayley made more than one attempt to succeed as a dramatic author, but first wo fame by his poetical Essays on Painting, History, and Epic Poetry, and by his poem the Triumph of Temper. The success of these poems was partly attributable to the general dearth of poetic talent at the time, but they had also certain external qualities fitted to secure for them at least a temporary popularity ; and his notes to his poetical essays also dis played very extensive reading, and exerted considerable in fluence in directing attention in England to the literature of Italy and Spain. On the death of Warton, Fayley was offered the laureateship, but declined it. In 17C2 he made the acquaintance of the poet Cowper; and this acquaintance ripened into a friendship which remained unbroken until Cowper s death in 1800. This bereavement was separated by only a week from that caused by the death of Hayley s natural son Thomas Alphonso, who had given great promise of excellence as a sculptor ; and, shrinking from the asso ciations now connected with Eartham, Hayley retired to what he called a &quot;marine hermitage,&quot; which he had built at Feltham, and there resided till his death, November 20, 1820. Besides the Life of Cowper, published in 1803, Hayley was the author of a number of works in prose, which were not, however, so successful as his early poetical productions. Indeed the estimation in which he was held even during his lifetime depended perhaps more on his acquirements and widely-cultivated tastes and his position 