Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/540

508 richer, ani the wild and fanciful nimes that are given by the people tu the peculiar objects and appearances of nature.

Literature.—A very full list of works on the Harz, especially on the Brocken, will be found appended to the painphlet Zar Geschichte der Brockenreisen, 4th ed., Aschersleben and Leipsic, 1875. Sve also Wolzmann, Hereynisehvs Archiv, Walle, 1803; Honemann, Die Alterthiimer des Harzes, Klausthal, 1827; Zimmerinan, Harzyebirge, Darmstadt, 1834; Hoffmann, Purgen und Burgfesten des Harzes, Quedlinburg, 18386; Hausmann, Ueber die Bilduny des Harzyebirges, Gottingen, 1842; Lrockenstammbuch, 1850; Brederlow, Der Harz, zur Belchrung und Unterhaltung fir HMarzrcisenle, Brunswick, 1851; Lachmann, Nivellement des Harzgebirges, Brunswick, 1851; Spicker, Der Harz, seine Ruinen und Nagen, Berlin, 1852 and 1856; Ey, Harzbuch, Goslar, 1853: Prohle, Harzsagen, 1854; Harzbilder, 1856; Harz und Auffhius 7 in Gedichten, Schilderungen, &v., 1870, and Der Iarz, 1878; Weygweiser im Harz und dessen Umgegend, Berlin, 1857; Nauenburg, Der Lustwanderer im Harz, Eisleben, 1857; Mrs Burton, Our Summer ta the Harz Forcst, Edinburgh, 1865; Groddeck, A briss der Geognosie des Harzes, WKlausthal, 1871; Hampe, Flora Hercynia, IIalle, 1873; Blackburn, The Harz Mountains, a Tour, London, 1873; Buch (Gesammelte Schriften), 'Ueber den Varz," 1877; Rev. J.S. Hilland J. W. Tanley, in Colliery Guardian, vol. xxx.; Heine, flarzreise. Among the Handbooks may be noted those of Schweizer, Werner, Gottschalk, Meyer, Muller, Prediger, and Grieben.

 HARZBURG, or, the chief town of an office in the Brunswick circle of Wolfenbiittel, Prussia, is situated 727 feet above sea-level on the right bank of the Radau, a tributary of the Ocker, and at the terminus of the Brunswick-Harzburg Railway, 5 miles E.S.E. from Goslar and 18 miles 8. from Wolfenbiittel. The opening of the railway has made the Harzburg route a principal one for persons visiting the Harz, and the town is also much frequented as a summer residence. It possesses a saltwater bath and also a hydropatlic establishment. A mile and a half south from the town lies the Burgberg, 1500 feet above sea-level, on whose summit, according to tradition, there was at one time an altar to the heathen idvl Krodo, still to be seen in the Ulrich chapel at Goslar. There are now on the summit of the hill a hotel, the remains of an old castle, and a monument erected in 1875 to the honour of Prince Bismarck, with an inscription taken from one of his speeches against the Ultramontane claims of Rome— "Nach Canossa gehen wir nicht." The population of Harzburg in 1875, including the villages of Biindheim, Schulenrode, and Schlewecke, was 4271.

The castle was built by the emperor Henry LV. between and, but was Jaid in ruins by the Saxons about. By Frederick I. it was granted to Henry the Lion, who caused it to be rebuilt with great splendour about. It was a frequent residence of Otto IV., who died at it, and by his will granted it to the counts of Woldenberg. After being frequently besieged and taken, it finally, after the battle of Miihlberg in, passed to the house of Brunswick. It ceased to be of importance as a foriress after the Thirty Years' War, and gradually fell into ruins.

See Delius, Untersuchungen iber die Geschichte der Harzbura, Yalherstadt, 31826; Dommes, Marzburg and seine Umogebung, Goslar, 1862; Holmstein, Die Harzbury nach Sage und Geschichte, Brunswick, 1878.

 HASAN HUSEIN, the sons of "Alf ibn Abu Talib, cousin and son-in-liw of Mahomet, and heroes of the passion play performel] annually throughout India and Persia by Shiuh Mahometans in the month of Moharrim., Their relationship to the prophet is important to the understanding of their history, and raay be seen from the following table:—-

'Abd i

'Nod Shems. Hasiiim.

O amaiych,

I 'Abd el Mottalch. progeaitor of the |

_ Oucnaiyide caliphs j _ i —f (amase:s, – 'Abd allah. 'Abbas, 'Abu Ta ib. Cordova, –). progenitor of the

MANOMET. Abbaside caliplia, – Fd' ima married 'Ad Hasan and Husain

The office of guardian of the kaabeh or temple of Mecca, and cluef of the tribe of Koreish, which was vested in 'ALd Menaf, would have descended to "Abd Shems, his eldest son, had it not been given to Hashim, the second, in reward for some military successes, and this circumstance caused a bitter enmity between the two families. When Mahomet died, 'Ali claimed the right to the cflice of caliph (Ahalifch, " vicegerent" or " successor"), but found formidable rivals in Abu Lekr, the father of "Ayesha the prophet's favourite wife, 'Omar, another of his fathers-in law, and 'Othman, the only member of the rival house of Ommaiyeh who had joined the Muslim ranks. "Ayesha, whom 'Alf had mortally offended by listening to a charge of incontinence which had been made against her, made commen cause with the Ommaiyides, and strenuously opposed "Ali's accession. A compromise was effected by the electicn cf Alu Bekr; cn his death "Omar was made caliph, and when he in turn died, "Othman was elected, as 'Ali refused to sul scribe to the conditions imposed upon him that he should govern in accordance with the "traditions" as well as the Koran. These "traditions " are the whole Lody of ceremonial laws and customs by which the imperfect code cf the Koran was supplemented; they are derived from ancient Arab and even Jewish usage, although to give them a proper sanction and force they have been attributed to Mahcmet himself, who is supposed to have enunciated them at different times as separate ahddith (singular, hadith); and the tracing of them through the various authorities to the prophet himself is still a most important branch of Muslim theology.

The "traditions" are spoken of collectively as the Swaneh, whence the name Sunnf, given to that sect of Mahometans who follow them, and it was to this that 'Ali refused to subscribe. 'Othman on his acccssion displayed an unblushing partisanship for his own, the Ommaiyide, family, and appointed Mo'awiyeh, a bitter encmy of the Hashimi family, governor of Syria. "Othman was assassinated in, and "Alf was then unconditionally elected caliph. He immediately recalled Mo'awiyeh, who refused to cbey, and, supported by the influence of the implacable'Ayesha, claimed the caliphate for himself. A severe struggle between the two parties ensued, and 'Ali was at first successful, Lut was at length compelled by intrigue to submit his claims to arbitration, instead of following up his military advantages. A number of his followers, about 12,000, taking umbrage at this, deserted him, thus originating the sect of Kharejiych or "Separatists," who reject the lawful government established by public consent. A conspiracy of three of these deserters resulted in the murder of 'Ali, who was slain at the door of a mosque in Kufa, and buried at a spot about 5 miles from that town. A magnificent mausolerm was afterwards erected over his tomb, which became later on the site of the town Meshed "Ali, " Ali's shrine," one of the great places of resort for Shiah pilgrims. On Ali's death his eldest son Hasan was elected caliph, but resigned the office in favour of Mo'Awiyeh on condition that he should resume it at the latter's death. Mo'awiych, however, who wished his own son Yezid to succeed him, causcd Hasan to be foully murdered by his own wife cight years later. Yezid succeeded his father, on the latter's death, without opposition or election, and the Ommaiyide dynasty became thus firmly established on the throne. The partisans of 'Ali's family were, however, far from content, and Husein, 'Ali's surviving son, was secretly invited to Kuifa to place himself at the head of the party, and revolt against Yezid. Prompt measures were taken by the caliph, who had obtained timely warning of the movement. "Obeidallah, a vigorous officer, was appointed governor of Kiifa, seized upon Husein's envoy, Muslim, and one Hani in whose house he had been concealed, and when the populace assembled and clamoured for their release he caused them to be beheaded and their