Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/532

500 Each of his works has found a special editor; and a complete edition of his writings has been issued by F. Bech in the Deutsche Classiker des Mittelalters. See L. Schmid, Stand, Heimat, und Geschlecht des Minnesdéngers Hartmann (1874).

   HARUN ER RASHID. See.  HARUSPICES (literally entrail-observers, cf. Skt. hils, Gr. χορδή), a class of soothsayers in Rome. Their art consisted especially in deducing from the appearance presented by the entrails of the slain victim the will of the gods. They also interpreted all portents or unusual phenomena of nature, especially thunder and lightning, and prescribed the expiatory ceremonies after such events. To please the god, the victim must be without spot or blemish, and the practice of observing whether the entrails presented any abnormal appearance, and thence deducing the will of heaven, was also very important in Greek religion. This art, however, appears not to have been, as some other modes of ascertaining the will of the gods undoubtedly were, of genuine Aryan growth. It is foreign to the Homeric poems, and must have been introduced into Greece after their composition, In like manner, as the Romans themselves believed, the art was not indigenous in Rome, but derived from Etruria, The Etruscans were said to have learned it from a being named Tages, grandson of Jupiter, who had suddenly sprung from the ground near Tarquinii. The art was practised in Rome chiefly by Etruscans, seldom by native-born Romans who had studied in the priestly schools of Etruria. Though it was of great importance under the early republic, it never became a part of the state religion. In this respect the haruspices ranked lower than the augurs; the latter were a more ancient and purely Roman institution, and were a most important element in the political organization of the city. In later times the art fell into disrepute, and the saying of Cato the censor is well known, that he wondered one haruspex could look another in the face without laughing (Cic., De Div, ii. 24). Under the empire, however, we hear of a regular collegium of sixty haruspices; and Claudius is said to have tried to restore the art and put it under the control of the pontifices.  HARVARD, the earliest institution of in the and on the  of. The gives its origin thus. The  on, settling at what is now  in , began a  the  three  up , which they called "." The  of   "agreed to give 400," which exactly doubled the  for, "towards a e or , whereof 200 to be paid the , and 200 when the work is finished, and the next  to appoint wheare and what ." In  "the  is ordered to be at ," the  of which had been changed to, and a  was appointed "to take order" for it. In – "it is ordered that the  agreed upon formerly to bee built at  shalbee called Harvard ." The reason was that the John Harvard, , and  , of Emmanuel , , , dying in , ,  14, , by  left half his , about 800, and his , to the. The  of  declared the object to be "the  of the  and   of  in  and ." The first  on the  grounds, having rooms for twenty of the, was called "the  ." In it was the  's translation of the  into the  of the, with , , , &c. Several of the were members of the ; only one  from it. By generous aid received from abroad for this special object, the was greatly helped in its infancy.

Thus from the beginning private munificence rather than the  fostered and sustained the, and with steadily increasing preponderance all through its  have its supplies and endowments come from the generosity of individuals. from the, , and , of small sums for and incidental purposes, made  or at intervals, wholly ceased more than. With scarce an exception all the present invested funds of the and of its al s, amounting to 3,615,538.87, with the, , and apparatus, are the benefactions of its friends.

The constitutes as a  a, , and five fellows, who initiate all measures concerning the , hold its funds, and have the nomination for filling vacancies in their own body, as also of all the officers for  and for the internal  of the institution in all its departments, subject, however, to the advice and approval and final action of a board of overseers. The, claiming as founder and , till quite recently regarded the as a  institution, over which it should exercise a direct control through the  and the , by its authority in the membership and the  of the whole or a part of the board of overseers. Various modifications made from time to time in the composition or method of choice of the members of this board not relieving the controversies and embarrassments incident to, which proved prejudicial to the best interests of the , its organic connexion with the by this tie was severed by  in. The board of overseers as now constituted is composed of thirty of the alumni, besides the and the, elected by the s of the alumni on commencement day at the , in sections of five, serving a term of six. With its complement of al s of, , , , and many special departments of the , more than any other institution in , and with but a few gaps yet to be filled in its completeness of method and equipment to bring it to comparison with foreign institutions of , Harvard may claim to be in the most comprehensive sense of the term a , a title which is, indeed, assumed, and generally applied to it. Recent changes in the course of study in the have allowed a wide range for elective studies to undergraduates, the proportions being, one-fourth obligatory, three-fourths elective. In the al s most of the are obligatory. The number of  in the  and s is 232,200. The number of s owned and occupied for uses is twenty-nine of  or, including ten for  chambers. The whole number of, , &c., in all departments, is 135; of , s, and other in the service of the , 28. The number of the alumni of the proper about 9600; the number in all departments about 14,000.  HARVEST-BUG, a name erroneously applied to the hexapod larval condition of a mite, not one of the Insecta, but belonging to the division Acaridea of the class Arachnida. It is very small, of a brick-red colour, and swarms both among wild vegetation and cultivated plants, 