Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/476

454 the line of Hapsburg-Lotharingia, from which the present imperial dynasty of Austria is descended.

1em  HÁPUR, or, an ancient town of India in the Meerut district, North-Western Provinces, 28 43 20&quot; N. lat., 77 49 45&quot; E. long., lies on the Meerut and Buland- shahr road, 18 miles south of the former city. During the mutiny, Walidad Khan of Malagarh threatened Hapur, but was obliged by the loyal Jats of Bhatona to retire. Several fine groves surround the town, but the wall and ditch have fallen out of repair, and only the names of the five gates now remain. It contains a tahsili, a police station, school- house, dispensary, 3 sardis, 28 mosques, and 25 temples. Considerable trade is carried on in sugar, grain, cotton, timber, bamboos, and brass utensils. Population (1872), 14,544, comprising 8696 Hindus, 5847 Mahometans, and 1 Christian. Municipal revenue (1875-76), 1208.  HARAN, or (Hebrew, HO; LXX., Xappdv or Xa/5/&amp;gt;a ; Strabo, Kappai ; Pliny, Carres or Carrhce ; Arabic, Harrdn) is the name of a fertile district in the north of Mesopotamia (Padan-aram or Aram-naharaim), and also of a town situated some 10 miles south-eastward of Edessa (Orfa), on the banks of the small river Belik about 50 miles to the north of its junction with the Euphrates. It thus lies immediately on the highway between Arrapachitis and Canaan, and at the point where that highway is crossed by the great western road connect ing Media, Assyria, and Babylonia with the Cilician coast. For the Assyrians accordingly it became a strategic position of first-rate importance, and in this aspect it is mentioned in inscriptions as early as the time of Tiglath Pileser I., about (see Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das alte Testament, p. 45 ; and compare 2 Kings xix. 12, Isa. xxxvii. 12). It also, for the same reason, ultimately be came the centre of a considerable commerce (Ezek. xxvii. 23), one of the specialities particularly named being the odoriferous gum derived from the strobus (Pliny, //. N., xii. 40). It was here that Crassus in his eastern expedition was attacked and slain by the Parthians ; and here also the emperor Caracalla was murdered at the instigation of Macrinus. Herodian (iv. 13, 7) mentions the town as possessing in his day a temple of the moon ; in the Middle Ages it is mentioned as having been the seat of a particular heathen sect, that of the Haranite Sabeans. It retained its importance down to the period of the Arab ascendency ; but by Abulfeda it is mentioned as having before his time fallen into decay. It is now wholly in ruins. According to the patriarchal history (Gen. xi. 31), Haran was the first resting-place of Terah and his family after their migration from Ur of the Chaldees, and here Terah and Nahor remained when Abraham and Lot passed on to Canaan. According to Dr Beke, indeed, this Haran is not the well-known town on the Belik, but &quot; a place of that name (Harran el-Awamid) between Abana and Pharpar, the two rivers of Aram or Syria &quot; (see Journ. of Royal Geog. Soc., vol. xxxii.). His arguments, however, have not been generally accepted as sufficient to set aside the powerful evidence in favour of the Mesopotamian site.  HARAR,,, , or , a city of north-eastern Africa, in the country of the Gallas, at one time the capital of the province of Hadiyah in the Zayla empire, for a long period a small independent state under an emir of its own, and since 1876 subject to the Egyptian crown. The Somali call it Adari and the Gallas Adaray. According to Burton it stands in 9 20 N. lat. and 42 17 E. long, but the Bulletin de I ctat major general de I arntee egyptienne makes the latitude 9 26 and the longitude 42 6 . The height above the sea is according to Burton 5500 feet, and according to the Bulletin 5580. A stone wall, pierced by five gates and flanked by 24 towers, encloses the city, which occupies an area of 128 acres on the irregular slope of a hill, and comprises 9560 houses and 346 huts, arranged in narrow streets that run up and down hill. There are five mosques within the walls, but only one, tliejami (or cathedral, so to speak), is a building of considerable dimensions. The palace of the emir is a mere shed, long, single-storied, and windowless. Among the chapels to Mahometan saints it is enough to mention that of Sheikh Umar Abadir El Bakai, the patron of the city. Harar has long been the seat of a considerable com merce, though before the Egyptian conquests the merchants had to submit to the exorbitant exactions of their Galla neighbours, who had command of all the caravan routes. Slaves, ivory, coffee, tobacco, samower, cotton cloths, mules, holcus, wheat, glue, honey, and gums are mentioned by Burton among their principal articles of trade, in return for which they brought back a great variety of wares for local consumption. The Harar coffee especially has a high repute, and the tobacco also is good. The kat or gat (Catha edulis of Forskal), the leaves of which are a favourite stimulant or narcotic in north-eastern Africa, grows abund antly in the neighbourhood ; and the inhabitants often sit together reading the Koran and enjoying the drug for ten or eleven hours at a time. The rainy season at Harar begins about the 15th of March, and lasts for six months, the heaviest rains occurring about June. In the hot season the thermometer reaches 61 Fahr. ; in March and April it is not more than 49. According to Burton the population of the city was only 8000, of whom 2500 were Somali and 3000 Arabs ; but the Bulletin states the total at 35,000. The Harari proper are of a distinct stock from the neigh bouring peoples, and speak a special language. A small glossary in Salt s Abyssinia, and another in the Philological Journal for 1845, were the only materials available for the investigation of the language previous to the publication of Burton s sketch in his First Footsteps in North-Eastern Africa. By him it is maintained that the Hararese is semi-Semitic or, like the Galla, Dankali, and Somali, &quot; a Semitic graft inserted into an indigenous stock;&quot; and his opinion is followed by Bleek and Lepsiiis. The older statement, strongly supported by Burton, that the lan guage is fundamentally Semitic, and has a special affinity with Amharic, has in its favour no less authorities than Friedrich Miiller (Sitzungsbericht der Wiener Akademie, Dec. 1863) and F. Prsetorius (&quot;Ueber die Sprache von Harar,&quot; in Zeitschrift der deutschen Morgenland. GeselL, 1869). The Harari are Mahometans of the Shafa i or Persian sect ; and they employ the solar year and the Persian calendar. Monogamy prevails, and the women exercise great social influence ; but the moral character of the people is said to be very low. It was in that Harar became a Mahometan city. Burton, the first European to put foot within its walls, spent ten days there in 1854-55, but it was only under the guise of an Arab that he was able to do so. Mohammed Mokhtar, the Egyptian general, has drawn up a sketch of the history of Harar from the native manuscripts brought with him to Cairo, and in company with Abd Allah Faouzi he has published a plan of the town in the Bulletin already quoted (Cairo, 1876).