Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/474

452 intense interest fur mathematics and the physical sciences, which was the means of his introduction in 1820 to Schumacher, professor of astronomy at Copenhagen, who, appreciating Hansen s abilities, engaged him to assist in tlia measurement of an arc of meridian in Holstein. This led to his appointment as assistant to Schumacher at the observatory of Altona, on its foundation in 1823. Hansen s reputation a.s an excellent mathematician had by this time become gensrally known, and in 1825 he was selected to succeed Professor Encke as director. of the observatory of Seebsrg, near Gotha. There he remained for the rest of his life, devoting his talents to the development of the highest branches of mathematical astronomy, with an originality of conception which was acknowledged by the English Royal Astronomical Society on two occasions, by the award of their gold medal for his researches in physical astronomy and his lunar tables. His Tables de la Lune appeared in 1857, published at the expense of the British Government; they have been adopted for use in the calculations of the Nautical Almanac. In addition to his important volume containing the full details of the formulae explanatory of his lunar theory, Hansen was the author of a large number of miscellaneous astronomical papers, principally relating to the orbits of comets and planets or to perturbational astronomy. In one of these he was the first to point out that Eticke s value of the horizontal equatorial solar parallax required to be increased to reconcile the lunar theory with modern observations, an opinion which was subsequently coafirmBd by Le Verrier from his planetary researches, and by the observations of Mars and the transit of Venus of 1874. Hansen was a foreign member of the Royal Society, and an associate of the Royal Astronomical Society. Ha died on March 28, 1874, at the age of seventy-eight.  HANSTEEN, (1784—1873), astronomer and physicist, was born at Christiania, Norway, September 26, 1784. From the cathedral school he went to the uni versity at Copenhagen, where first law and afterwards mathematics formed his main study. In 1806 he taught mathematics in the gymnasium of Frederiksborg, Zeeland, and the following year lie commenced the inquiries in his f ivovtrite branch of science terrestrial magnetism which have made his name famous. He took in 1812 the prize of the Danish Royal Academy of Sciences for his reply to a question on the magnetic axes. Appointed lecturer in 1814, he was in 1816 raised to the chair of astronomy and applied mathematics in the university of Christiania. In 1819 he published his researches on terrestrial magnetism, a work which attracted the notice of the physicists of Europe and particularly of England, where the search for a formula by which the variation of the needle might be found at any given time and place was being actively pursued. The researches were translated into German by P. T. Hanson, under the title Untersuchungen uber den Magnetismus der Erde, with a supplement containing l&amp;gt;eobaclt,tungen der Abweichung und Neigung der Magnet- nadel, and an atlas. The rules there framed for the ob servation of magnetical phenomena have been generally fallowed. Hansteen hoped by them to accumulate analyses for determining the number and position of the magnetic poles of the earth. In prosecution of his researches he visited London, and also Paris and other Continental cities, and travelled over Finland and the greater part of his own country; and in 1828-30 he undertook, in company with Ermann and Due, and with the cooperation of Russia, a Government mission to Western Siberia, the chief aim of which was to find the ideal point of the Asiatic pole of magnetism ten observatories being established in Russia to further the project. The scientific results magnetic, astronomic, and meteorological form the bases of many valuable theories. A narrative of the personal adventures soon appeared (Reise-Erinnerungen a us Sibirioi, 1854 ; Souvenirs d*un voyage en Siberie, 1857); but the chief work was not issued till 1863 (Resultate magnetischer Beobachtungen, &c.). Shortly after the return of the mission, an observatory was erected in the park of Christiania (1833), and Hansteen was appointed director. On his representation a magnetic observatory was added in 1839. In 1835-38 his text-books on geometry and mechanics were published; and in 1842 he wrote his Disquisitiones de mutationibus quas patitur momentum aciis magnetica 1, &c. He also contributed various papers to different scientific journals, especially the Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, of which he became joint-editor in 1823. Pie superintended the trigonometrical and topographical survey of Norway, begun in 1837. He was a member of the Royal Society of London, the French Institute, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Academies of Berlin and St Petersburg. In 1861 he retired from active work, but still pursued his studies, his Observations de V inclination magnetique and Stir les variations seculaires du magnetisme appearing in 1865. Hansteen died at Christiania, April 15, 1873.  HANUSCH, (1812–1869), Bohemian savant and philosopher, was born at Prague on the 28th November, 1812. He received his early education in his native city, and taught for a short time in a monastic school there. At the universities of Prague and Vienna, where lie afterwards studied, he directed his attention successively to theology and law, and finally, under the influence of Hegel s writings, to philosophy. After temporarily supply ing in 1835 the place of Lichtenfels, professor of philo sophy at Vienna, he w r as next year appointed ordinary pro fessor of philosophy at Lemberg, whence he passed in the same capacity to Olmiitz in 1847, and two years liter to Prague. There he began a successful course of philosophy in the Czech language, but in 1852 was abruptly suspended from t3aching, owing to his leanings towards Slavism. He still, however, retained his full salary: and in 1860 he was nominated director of the imperial university library at Prague, where he died on the 19th May 1869.

1em  HANWAY, (1712–1786), an English traveller and philanthropist, was born at Portsmouth, but lie was still a child when the death of his father, a victualler by trade, caused his mother to remove with her family to London. At the age of seventeen the boy was apprenticed to a merchant in Lisbon, and he remained there till he entered business for himself. In 1743, after he had been for some time again in London, he became a partner with Mr Dingley, a merchant in St Petersburg, and in this way had his attention turned to the trade between Russia and Persia. Leaving St Petersburg on the 10th of September 1743, and passing south by Moscow, Zuritzin, and Astra khan, he embarked on the Caspian on November 22d, and arrived at Astrabad on December 18th. Here his difficul ties began. The town was attacked and captured by a rebel, Mohammed Hassan Beg ; his goods were seized, and it was only after great privations that he reached the camp of the Shah Nadir. Obtaining an order for the restoration of his goods he returned to Astrabad, and succeeded in recovering about 85 per cent, of their original value ; but he was obliged to retrace his steps, and after a painful journey, during which he was attacked by pirates, detained by sickness, and obliged to perform six weeks quarantine, 