Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/467

Rh over such rough and various natures must indeed have been an extraordinary man. Again, all we know of him comes for the most part from hostile sources. The Romans feared and liated him so much that they could not do him justice. Long after the peril had passed away, we may well believe that Horace accurately reflected their sentiment in describ- ing him, as he does more than once, as the dirus Hannibal. Livy speaks of his great qualities, but he adds that his vices were equally great, among which he singles out his “more than Punic perfidy ” and “an inhuman cruelty.” For the first there would seem to be no further justification than that he was consummately skilful in the use of ambuscades. For the lattcr there is, we believe, no more ground than that at certain crises he acted in the general spirit of ancient warfare. Sometimes he contrasts most favourably with his enemy. No such brutality stains his name as that perpe- trated by Claudius Nero on the vanquished Hasdrubal. Polybius merely says that he was accused of cruelty by the Romans and of avarice by the Carthaginians. He had indeed bitter enemies, and his life was one continuous struggle against destiny. For steadfastness of purpose, for organizing capacity and a mastery of military science, he has perhaps never had an equal. Considering his fame, we should have expected to find a number of anecdotes about him. There are, however, only afew. One is given by Cicero (De Orature, ii. 18); and may fairly find a place here. When he was an exile at Ephesus, he was invited to hear a lecture from one Phormio, a philosopher. The lecturer discoursed on things in general and on the duties of a commander-in-chief in particular, and was warmly applauded by his audience. Svume of the hearers turned to Hannibal and asked him what he thought of it. ‘I have seen,” said he, “ plenty of old fools in my time, but this man beats them all.”

1em  HANNIBAL, a city of the United States, in Marion county, Missouri, is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi river, 150 miles above St Louis. Owing to its position on the river and its extensive railroad connexions, it has become a busy commercial town; and evidence of the prosperity of many of its inhabitants is afforded by the number of fine residences on the surrounding slopes. It possesses a city hall, a Roman Catholic seminary, and a high school. The river is crossed by a splendid iron bridge, which has provision both for ordinary and for railway traffic. The principal shipping trade is in lumber with other parts of the State, as well as with Kansas and Texas; but tobacco, pork, and flour are also extensively shipped. The manufactories include foundries, car-works, machine- shops, tobacco-works, beef-curing establishments, and flour-mills, In the neighbourhood there are lime-works and coal-pits. The population, which in 1860 was 6505, and in 1870 was 10,125, of whom 1616 were coloured and 1632 foreigners, is now (1880) estimated at 15,000.  HANNO (a very common Carthaginian name, Greek Avvor), according to the title of the Periplus that passes under the name, was a king (basileus) of the Cartha- ginians who undertook an exploring and colonizing expedition along the north-western coasts of Africa beyond the Pillars of Hercules, and on his return inscribed a narrative of his voyage in the temple of Saturn. There are no data to fix with any precision the time at which he flourished, the most definite statement about the matter being Pliny’s “Punicis rebus florentissimis.” Bougainville and Vivien de Saint Martin are disposed to assign him to circa; Heeren, Kluge, and others make him contemporary with a Hanno, father of Hamilcar (c.); and Miiller thinks he may be possibly identified with Hanno the son of Hamilear (c.). According to the Periplus, which is the only detailed notice of the expedition that has come dow? to us, he sailed with sixty galleys (pentecontorot) and 30,000 (?) men and women, and in the course of his voyage south founded the city of Thymiaterium and settled colonies at Gytte, Acra, Melitta, Arambys, and in the island of Cerne or Kerne. The terminus of the voyage was an island beyond a gulf called the Noti Cornu, in which they found a number of “ hairy women” whom the interpreters named gorillas.

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1em  HANNO, the chief opponent of Hamilcar and Hannibal at Carthage. Few details are known of his life; his in- fluence on the history of his country, which for more than forty years was very great, can be appreciated only from a detailed history of the period. During the First Punic War he conducted successfully a campaign against some African nation, and he soon became the most trusted leader of the aristocratic party. When in Hamilear’s veterans returned from Sicily, clamouring for their promised pay, Hanno was sent to require them to accept partial pay- ment; and on their rebellion he was appointed to the com- mand against them. His unpopularity with the army and his incapacity led to several defeats, and the Government was reluctantly forced to associate Hamilcar with him. After Hamilear had at length crushed the rebellion, Hanno seems to have remained at Carthage exerting all his in- fluence against the democratic party. During the Second Punic War he advocated peace with Rome; and he even, according to Livy (xxiii. 13), advised that Hannibal should be given up to the Romans. After the battle of Zama he was one of the ambassadors sent to Scipio to sue for peace, and after the war he is mentioned among the leaders of the Roman party.