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Rh Jones did for England. He showed that Oriental subjects were not to be studied merely so faras they were connected with biblical theology, but were a worthy object of research for their own sake. For more than fifty years he per- sisted in introducing Eastern authors and Eastern topics to the general reader, and there was a time when no Oricntalist was more widely known and admired. As Jules Mohl said—* C’stait le doyen de la littérature ori- cntale, le premier associé que Ia Société (Asiatique de Paris) ait tenu & Vhonneur d’inscrire sur sa liste, et le plus zilé, le plus fertile, et le plus eélébre des hommes qui se sont voués, de notres temps, & Jn culture des lettres orientales.” It was natural that a scholar who traversed so large a fiald and wrote so rapidly should lay himself open to the criticism of specialists, and no man was mors severely hantlel by his critics than Von Hammer, to whom Diez, for example (in Unfwy wad Betrug, 1815), devotes nearly 600 payes of heavy abuse. Von Hammer was undoubtedly inaccurate and superficial at times ; he attempted more than he could possibly achieve with thoroughness, and was in the habit of giving his own whimsical view of matters about which he knew next to nothing; and he used to offend his critics as much by his Oriental florid style and want of method as by the oczasional inaccuracy of his facts and the inconsequence of his deductions. But in spite of his faults he did more for Oriental studies than most of his crities put together. When he was seventy-six years of age he planned a seconil eilition of his Zucyrlopadia of Oriental Learning, anid designed a “preliminary” series of twelve volumes which should clear the groand by expounding ‘the history of Arabic literature, aud for the last seven years of his life he regularly put forth his annual volume. Jules Mobi, going to sce him, found the oll man hard at work, helped by no colleague, and disdaining the aid of an amtannensis, Lis early travels in the Levant, and then his busy life at Vienna, where he held the post of court-interpreter, saved lim from the crushing influence of solitary study ; and to the last be maintained his singular buoyancy of mind.

{{11fine|Von Hammer's principal works are his Geschichte des osmanischen Rsiches, 10 vols., 1827 (24 ed, 1884-6), translated into French (1835 and 1840) ; Geschichte der osmanischrn Dichtkunst, 4 vols., 1836 ; Literatur-Geschichte der Araber (unfinished), 7 vols., 1850-6 ; Les Origines Russes, 1827; Geschichte der Goldencn Horde, 1840; Geschichte der Ichane, 1842 ; Geschichte der Chane der Krin, 1856 } Geschichte der Assassincn, 1818 ; Constantinopolis und der Besporos, 1822 ; Encyklopaitische Uelersicht der Wisscuschaften des Orients, 1804. ‘Texts and translations of —EM- Thadlavi, Arab. and Germ, 1829; In Wakshiyah, History of the Mongols, Arab, and 1806; El-We Pers. and Germ., 1856; Esch-Schebistani’s rasséf, Kosenflor des Gcheimnisses, Pers. and Germ., 1838; Es-Zam- akhsheri, Goldene Halshinder, Arab. and Germ., 1835; £1 Ghazzilé, Hujjet-el-Istdm, Arab. and Gern., 1888 ; El-Hamenci, Das arab. Hohe Lied der'Liebe, Arab. and Germ., 1854, Translae tions of —EL-Mutanebbi's Poems ; Er-Resmi’s Account of his Embassy, 1809; Contes inédits des 1001 Nuits, 1828, Besides these and smaller works, Von Hammer contributed numerous essays and eriti- cisms to the Fundgruben des Orients, which he edited ; to the Journal Asiatique ; and to many other learned journals ; above all to the Transactions of the Akademie der Wissenschatten of Vienna, of which he was mainly the founder; and he translated Evliya Effendi’s Pravels in Europe, for the English Oriental Transla- tion Fund. For a fuller list of his works, which amount in all to nearly 100 volumes, see Comptes Kendus of the Acad, des Inser, et des Belles Lettres, 1857. }|undefined}  HAMMERSMITH, a town and parish in the county of Middlesex, situated on the north bank of the Thames, 34 miles S.W. of Hyde Park corner, and now connected with London by continuous lines of streets. The bridge across the Thames at Hammersmith, completed in 1827 at acost of £80,000, was the earliest suspension bridge erected near London. Formerly Hammersmith was celebrated for its nurseries and market gardens, but these have almost entirely given place to buildings. In the neighbourhood there are a number of fine residences. The principal public buildings are the parish church of St Paul, consecrated in 1631 and restored in 1864, containing 2 number of interesting monuments; the Latymer schools, founded by Edward Latymer in 1624; the Godolphin school, founded in the, and rebuilt as a grammar school in 1862, with accommodation for 200 boys; the Roman Catholic theological institute, founded originally asa schoo) for ladies in 1669; the convent of the Good Shepherd, with an asylum for penitent women ; the convent of Little Daughters of Nazareth ; the Roman Catholic reformatory, the town-hall, the office of the board of works, and the West London hospital. In the district there are distil- leries, lead-mills, oil-mills, coach factories, Loat-building yards, and the works of the West Middlesex Water Com:- pany. The population of the parish in 1861 was 24,519, and in 1871 42,691. Hammersmith falls within the limits of the metropolitan district, and forms part of the parliamentary borough of Chelsea.  HAMMOND, (–1660), a learned royalist divine of the Church of England, was born at Chertsey in Surrey, August 18,. He was educated at Eton, whence in his fourteenth year he passed to Magdalen Col- lege, Oxford, becoming demy or scholar in 1619, and fellow inl After graduating in arts he turned his attention to divinity ; in 1629 he entered holy orders, and in 1631 became bachelor of divinity. Two years afterwards, in preaching before the court, lie won the approval of the earl of Leicester, who in the same year presented him to the living of Penshurst in Kent. Hammond reecived his doctor's degree in 1639, and in 1643 was promoted to the dignity of archdeacon of Chichester. He was a member of the convocation of 1640, and also, but nominally only, of the Westminster Assembly of divines, which began its sittings in 1643. In the latter year Dr Hammond was concerned in the unsuccessful rising at Tunbridge in favour of King Charles I. and was obliged to fice in disguise to Oxford, then the royal headquarters. There he spent much of his time in writing, though he accompanied the king’s commissioners to London, and afterwards to the ineffectual convention at Uxbridge in 1645, where he dis- puted with the Presbyterian Vines. In his absence he was appointed canon of Christ Church and public orator of the university. ‘These dignities he relinquished for a time in order to attend the king as chaplain during his captivity in the hands of the parliament. When Charles was deprived of all his loyal attendants at Christmas 1647, Hammond returned to Oxford and was made sub- dean of Christ Church, only, however, to be removed from all his offices in 1648 by the parliamentary visitors, who imprisoned him for ten weeks. Afterwards he was per- mitted, though still under quasi-confinement, to retire to the house of Sir Philip Warwick ot Clapham in Bedford- shire. In 1650, having regained his full liberty, Hammond betook himself to the friendly mansion of Sir John Pakington, at Westwood, in Worcestershire, where he died on April 25, 1660, just on the eve of his preferment to the see of Worcester.