Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/444

424 him to Scotland as proxy-suitor for the haud of a terrible queen Hermuthruda, who has put all previous wovers to death. But Hermuthruda happens to fall in love with Hamlet, and he returns to England to upbraid his father- inlaw with his treachery. As king of Jutland he has to endure the grievous hostility of Vikletus, Rorik’s suczessor, but at last determines, though well aware that he is doomed to death in the attempt, to eugige with him in a decisive battle. He perishes, and his widow marries Vikletus. According to Lathim, who may be taken as the repre- sentative of the historical theory, there are really two Hamlets,—the Hamlet of Saxo’s third book an] the Hamlet of his fourth book, who have been confounded together. The former, who is the Shakespearean hero, he would identify with Olaf Kyrre, the Anlaf Cwiran of the Saxon Chronicle and the Amlaf Cuaran of the Irish Annals, whose name, having passed through England and Ireland, he supposes to have returned to Denmark in a form whieh is Latinized by Saxo a3 Amlethus ; tho latter he considers as the Hyzelac of Beowulf, the Chochilaicas of Gregory of Tours, the Hubhleike of the Heimskringla, and even the Havelok of English legend. “By a confusiva between them as min and man, the bearers,” he says, “of names as different as Olaf and Higelac take a form out of which Amlethus is a probable educt.” But this theory, which is expounded with more learning than lucidity, is hardly so much in favour as that of the mythological school. That, in spite of the links by which Saxo has sought to connect its different portions with the authentic history of Denmark, the whole story was destitute of historical basis was maintained by P. E. Miiller (Critisk Undersigelse af Danmarks og Norges Sagahistorie eller om Troverdisheden af S1x0s og Snorros Kilder, Copenhagen, 1823), and his conclusions in regard to the matter have been very generally accepted. Though Hamlet or Amleth himself is not men- tioned in the earlier documents of the Scandinavian mythology—the only allusion to his existence being the phrase Amlotha quern, or Hamileth’s mill, applied to the sea in the Skaldskaparmal —his father, Horvendill or Orvandil (from ér, the spear, and vandel, skilful), appears in the great Scandinavian mythus in connexion with Thor’s contest with Hrungnir, and is further to be identified with the Orendel of German legend, whose memorial coat was after- wards christened the seamless coat of our Saviour at Treves, and whose name, which occurs also as Ernthelle, may possibly be the source of the more famous name of Tell. Hamletl’s own name finds its explanation in the Norse anu or am!, toil (still used colloquially in Icelandic, ama, to toil), and lothi, devoted to, and probably has reference to his mythic impersonation of the endless toil and travail of the sea. ‘The various details of the story—not only impro- bable and impossible, but essentially stupid and trivial — lend themselves with remarkable readiness to the theory which explains them as versions of the tale, a thousand times retold, of the contests between summer and winter, sea and land, light and darkness, An elaborate exposition of the whole will be found in Zinzow’s Die Humletsage an und mit verwantten Sayen erlitutert, Halle, 1877. Tt has been already stated that Saxo’s is the only original autho- rity ; but proof of the popularity of the legend is found in the presence in Jutland of such names as Amelhede (i.e, Tamlet’s Heath), near Randers, Fegges Sund, that is, Fengo’s Sound, and Feggesklint, that is, Fengo’s Cliff, and in the fact that in modern Icclandic the word amlotht is a regular lent for an idiotic or stupid man. Nor are literary entos of the story wanting. The Icelanders have their Amlotha Saga, which is a free translation of Saxo, and their Ambales Saga, in which the matter is treitel in a more romantic style. The story of Brian, given in Jon Amason’s Islenzkur Pjodsigur (Leipsic. 1864, ii.), has the same main features; and Dr Vigfusson, by whom it was discovered, is disposed to surmise that the legend may actually be of Celtic origin,—a supposition quite in keep- ing with other well-known facts in Icelandic history. It was taken down from the lips of Lady Hildur Arngrims- dotter, whose father was born in. As Niels of Soré in the made Hamlet more familiar to the Danes by his Dansie Rimkronike, so the French story-teller Belleforest introduced him to a wider company in his Cent Histoires tragiques, That as early as or  he had been represented on the English stage is shown by the well- known passage from Nash’s preface to Greene’s Ienaphon, “He will afford you whole Hamlets, I should say, handfulls of tragical speeches.”  HAMM, a of, capital of a in the   of,  of , is situated at the junction of several , on the  at its confluence with the , 22  N.W. of. It is enclosed by, but the which formerly surrounded it have been filled up and converted into. The principal are two  and two , a , a , an , and an. The is flourishing and rapidly increasing, and possesses very extensive   (in connexion with which there are  and  works),,  works, and  of , , , , , , , , , , , , , and. The in  was 18,877.

1em  HAMMARSKÖLD, (–),, was born at , near , on the 7th of. He became a at  in, but failed to take his  in. He therefore accepted a humble post at the  at, with which institution he remained connected for many. In he  an article on  and, which attracted much attention, and was the means of founding the “Phosphoric School,” as it was called, of  in. Hammersköld became the friend of and antagonist of, and in due time, by the bitterness of his tone, brought down on himself the scathing anger of. In he  Translations and Imitations of Poets, Old and New, in the preface of which he denounced the  with much force and wit, commending Goethe and Tieck to the young  of. In appeared his trenchant Critique of Schiller, and in  a volume of essays of a polemical kind. In Hammersköld  a collection of his poems, and in  had to endure the ridicule of  in his brilliant  of Hammarspik. In appeared the first part of Hammarsköld’s chief contribution to, his famous Svenska Vitterheten, a  of  in , a  that was revised and  after his death by Sondén, in. He is chiefly remembered as a ; his s and his juvenile of Prince Gustaf,, are of little value.  HAMME, a of, in the of  and the  of  or, is situated on the right  of the , near  its junction with the , and 18  E.N.E. of. It contains and -s, has  of, , , , s, and , and carries on  in. , 10,778.