Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/403

Rh productive work Haldvy also rendered valuable services as a teacher. He was professor at the Conservatoire from 1827 till his death some of the most successful amongst the younger composers in France, such as Gounod, Victor Masse&quot;, and Georges Bizet, the author of Carmen, being amongst his pupils. Hale vy also tried his hand at literature, ami there exists an agreeable volume of Souvenirs et Portraits from his pen. He died at Nice, March 17, 1862.  HALIBURTON, (1796–1865), long a judge of Nova Scotia, and a popular literary satirist, was born at Windsor, Nova Scotia, in 1796, and received his education there, at King s College. He was called to the bar in 1820, and took part in the legislature of his native province as a member of the House of Assembly. He distinguished himself as a barrister, and in 1828 was pro moted to the bench as a chief-justice of the common pleas. But it is as the brilliant humorist and satirist that he is now remembered ; for his labours alike as a barrister and a member of parliament were limited to his own province, and could scarcely beget anything beyond a local reputation. Yet confined as he thus was to so narrow a sphere, a true estimate of its disadvantages is necessary in order to do justice to the vigorous individuality of his writings. He was a native of what was then a small and isolated maritime province, detached from Canada. Its exports consisted chiefly of lumber and the produce of its fisheries ; and with those trade was carried on with Great Britain, the West Indies, and the United States. Its entire population at the time when Haliburton was called to the bar, including Indians, African refugees from the States, and the Acadian descendants of the original French population, did not amount to 97,000. The English settlers were largely composed of refugees from the former British colonies, animated by the strong Conservative sympathies of the old colonial loyalists. The French Acadians were Koman Catholics, and their national traditions and religion equally tended to alienate them from the neighbouring republic. ln politics Haliburton adhered through life to the Con servative party; and the influence of his early associations is traceable in most of his writings. He was still at the bar when he wrote An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia, in 2 vols. Canada, it will be remembered, then consisted of Upper and Lower Canada only, and, with the French population of the latter and nearer province, was even stranger to the Nova Scotian than the New England States. The leisure which judicial duties secured admitted of literary relaxations in which Judge Haliburton s fine sense of the humorous had free play; and in 1835 he contributed anonymously to a local paper a series of letters professedly depicting the peculiarities of the genuine Yankee. These sketches, which abounded in clever pictur- ings of national and individual character, drawn with great satirical humour, were collected in 1837, and published under the title of The Clockmaker, or Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville. A second series followed in 1838, and a third in 1840. The Attache, or Sam Slick in England (2 vols. 8vo), was the result of a visit there in 1811. This also was followed up by a second series in 1844. His other works include The Old Judge, or Life in a Colony ; The Letter Bag of the Great Western : Ride and Misrule of the English in America ; Traits of American Humour ; and Nature and Human Nature. While the judge was thus diligent in such literary recrea tions, he continued to secure popular esteem in his judicial capacity. In 1840 he was promoted to be a judge of the supreme court ; but within two years he resigned his seat on the bench, removed to England, and after a time entered parliament as the representative of Launceston, in the Con servative interest. His literary reputation awoke expecta tions which were not fulfilled. The bar has rarely proved to be an apt school for training the parliamentary debater, and he was too far advanced in life to adapt himself to the novel requirements of the English House of Commons. -The last time he spoke he was listened to with interest on the Canadian defences. But the tenure of his seat for Launceston was brought to an end by the dissolution of the parliament in 1865, and he did not again offer himself to the constituency. His death followed in the month of August of the same year, at Gordon House, Isleworth, when he was in his seventieth year.  HALIBUT. See.  HALICARNASSUS, an ancient Greek city on the south western coast of Asia Minor, built on a picturesque and advantageous site at the northern end of the Ceramic Gulf or Gulf of Cos. It originally occupied only the smali island of Zephyria, close to the shore, but in course of time this island was united to the mainland and the city extended so as to incorporate Salmacis, an older town of the Leleges and Carians. About the foundation of Halicaruassus various traditions were current; but they agree in the main point as to its being a Dorian colony, and the figures on its coins, such as the head of Medusa or Minerva, the head of Neptune, or the trident, give support to the state ment that the mother cities were Trcezen and Argos. The inhabitants appear to have accepted as the legendary founder Anthes, mentioned by Strabo, and were proud of the title of Antheadas. At an early period Halicarnassus was a member of the Doric Hexapolis, which included Cos, Cnidus, Lindus, Camirus, and lalysus ; but one of the citizens, Agasicles, having taken home the prize tripod which he had won in the Triopian games instead of dedicating it according to custom to the Triopian Apollo, the city was cut off from the league. In the time of Xerxes we find Halicarnassus under the sway of a cer tain Artemisia, who made herself famous by the assist ance she rendered to the great Persian invader. Pigres, her brother or son, was the reputed author of the Latra- chomyomachia. Of Pisindalis, her son and successor in the sovereignty, little is known ; but Lygdamis, who next attained to power, is notorious for having put to death the poetPanyasis and caused Herodotus, the greatest of the Halicarnassians, to leave his native city (c.). About the, the power of Athens became predominant over Halicarnassus and other Dorian cities of Asia, but the peace of Antalcidas in made them subservient to Persia ; and it was under Mausolus, a Persian satrap of almost independent authority, that Halicarnassus attained its highest prosperity. Struck by the natural strength and beauty of its position, Mausolus removed thither from Mylasa, and increasing its population by the inhabitants of six towns of the Leleges, devoted himself to its embellishment and defence. On his death he was succeeded by his widow and sister, Artemisia, whose military ability was shown by the stratagem by which ehe captured the Rhodian vessels attacking her city, and whose magnificence and taste have been perpetuated to all time by the &quot; Mausoleum,&quot; the monument she erected to her husband s memory. In the execution of this wonderful enterprise she employed the architects Satyrus and Pythius, 