Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/396

376 woollen and linen goods, glass, porcelain, and a variety of other articles are made, and are exported largely into France. Hainault, with a population of 956,354 inhabitants in 1876 (the largest in this respect of all the provinces), has an area of near 1400 square miles, and is therefore somewhat thickly peopled ; for administrative purposes it is divided into six arrondissements, of which that of Mons is the chief; the others are Tournai, Charleroi, Ath, Soignies, and Thuin ; these again are subdivided into thirty-two cantons.

1em

1em  HAINBURG, or, a town of Austria, in the circle of Bruck, situated on the Danube 27 miles E.S.E. of Vienna, is the seat of a district court of justice and of a tax-office. It occupies part of the site of the old Celtio town Carnuntum, destroyed Since the fire of 1827 Hamburg has been much improved, and is now a handsomely built town. It is still surrounded by ancient walls, and has a gate guarded by two old towers. There are numerous Roman remains, among which may be men tioned the altar and tower at the town-house, on the latter of which is a statue, said to be of Attila. A Roman aque duct is still used to bring water to the town. Hainburg has a military school for engineers. The two important manu factures are tobacco, employing about 1700 hands, and needles, of which about 80 millions are annually turned out On the neighbouring Hainberg is an old castle, built of Roman remains, which appears in German tradition under the name of Heimburc ; it was wrested from the Hungarians in by the emperor Henry III. At the foot of the same hill is a castle of the, where Ottocar, of Bohemia, was married to Margaret of Austria in ; earlier it was the residence of the dukes of Babenberg. Outside the town, on an island in the Danube, is the ruined castle of Rothelstein or Rothenstein, held by the Knights Templars. Hainburg was besieged by the Hungarians in, was captured by Matthias Corvinus in , and was sacked, and its inhabitants massacred, by the Turks in 1683. Population (1869), 4178.  HAINICHEN, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Leipsic and the prefecture of Dobeln, is situated on the Little Striegis, 15 miles N.E. of Chemnitz by railway. It is the seat of a royal court of justice, arid has cigar and leather manufactories and a school of weaving. Its most important industry is the manufacture of flannels, baize, and similar fabrics ; indeed it may be called the centre of this industry in Germany. The special whiteness and excellence of the flannel made in Hainichen is due to the peculiar nature of the water used in the manufacture. There are 22 spinning- mills in the town and environs, with about 2500 looms, of which between 300 and 400 are mechanical. There are also large dye-works and bleaching establishments. Large quantities of both wool and cotton are spun and woven, and yarn spun elsewhere is brought to Hainichen to be woven. About 3,850,000 lb of raw wool, worth about 600,000, is annually worked into material, some of which is exported to South America and eastern Asia. Coal is found in the neighbourhood, but does not repay the expense of working. Hainichen is the birthplace of Gellert, to whose memory a bronze statue was erected in the market-place in 1865. The Gellert institution for the poor was erected in 1815. Population (1875), 8468.  HAIR is a substance which, from its various pro perties, and differences in stoutness, length, and strength, enters into a considerable variety of manufactures. Bristles are the stout elastic hairs obtained from the backs of certain breeds of pigs. The finest qualities, and the greatest quantities as well, are obtained from Russia, where a variety of pig is reared principally on account of its bristles. The best and most costly bristles are used by shoemakers, secondary qualities being employed for toilet and clothes-brushes, while inferior qualities are worked up into the commoner kinds of brushes used by painters and for many mechanical purposes. For artists use and for decorative painting, brushes or pencils of hair from the sable, camel, badger, polecat, &amp;lt;tc., are prepared. The hair of various animals which is too short for spinning into yarn is utilized for the manufacture of felt. For this use the hair of rabbits, hares, beavers, and of several other rodents is largely employed, especially in France, in making the finer qualities of felt hats. Cow hair, obtained from tanneries, is used in the preparation of roofing felts, and felt for covering boilers or steam-pipes, and for other similar purposes. It is also largely used by plasterers for binding the mortar of the walls and roofs of houses ; and of late years it has to some extent been woven up into coarse friezes, horse-cloths, railway rugs, and inferior blankets. The tail hair of oxen is also of value for stuffing cushions and other upholstery work, for which purpose, as well as for making the official wigs of law officers, barristers, &c., the tail and body hair of the yak or Thibet ox is also sometimes imported into Europe. The tail and mane hair of horses is in great demand for various purposes. The long tail hair is especially valuable for weaving into hair-cloth, mane hair and the short tail hair being, on the other hand, principally prepared and curled for stuffing the chairs, sofas, and couches which are covered with the cloth manu factured from the long hair. The horse hair used in Great Britain is principally obtained from South America, Germany, and Russia, and its sorting, cleaning, and working up into the various manufactures dependent on the material are industries of some importance. In addition to the purposes already alluded to, horse hair is woven into crino line for ladies bonnets, plaited into fishing lines, woven into bags for oil -md cider pressers, and into straining cloths for 