Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/370

350 quirements of the soldier, and have during the last sixteen years instituted gymnasiums at Aldershott, Gibraltar, Malta, and elsewhere, the teachers in which have, for the ino^t part, passed under the care of Mr Maclaren of Oxford, one of the principal authorities on the subject in England. Without entering into details, it may be admitted that the physical condition of the people, if not actually deteriorat ing, is not improving, and it is a significant fact that within the last year or two it has been found necessary to lower the standard in the British army, and that Dr Ord, in his report for 1869, states that out of 5567 boys 4410 were rejected as under the standard of width of chest and height. We have already referred to the tendency to rely on the casual outdoor sports for maintaining the physique of the population, and to a great extent to depreciate systematic gymnastic exercises and physical education. That in some quarters, however, this opinion is not entertained is shown from the fact that tho London School Board has appointed Miss Lofving of the Stockholm Training College to instruct certain of their teachers so as to fit them for teaching the girls in the schools. It is to be regretted that in the blind asylums so little is done for the physical education of the inmates. An institution in Milan provides for the training | of ricketty children by carefully regulated gymnastic exer cises ; but this institution seems to be the only one of its kind in Europe. To show that the importance of gymnastics has not been overstated, we may describe the effects produced on twelve non-commissioned officers sent by the military authorities to be trained as teachers for the British army by Mr Maclaren. The men ranged from nineteen to twenty- nine years of age, and in height from 5 feet 5 inches to 6 feet. In Mr Maclaren s own words, &quot; the muscular additions to the arms and shoulders and the expansion of the chest were so great as to have absolutely a ludicrous and embar rassing result, for before the fourth month several of the men could not get into their jackets and tunics without assistance, and when they had got them on they could not get them to meet down the middle by a hand s breadth.&quot; In a month more they could not get into them at all, and new clothing had to be procured, pending the arrival of which the men had to go to and from the gymnasium in their greatcoats.

1em 1em 1em 1em 1em 1em 1em  GYMNOTUS. See and.  GYNÆCOLOGY (from the Greek yw??, ywcu/cos, n woman, and Aoyos), that branch of medicine which con cerns the pathology and treatment of affections peculiar to the female sex. See.  GYOMA, an old market-town in the Truns-Tibiscan county of Be ke s, Hungiry, is situated on the banks of tho Koros main stream, 46 57 N. lat., 20 50 E. long. It has a fine town-hall, Roman Catholic, Calvinist, and Lutheran churches, a Jews synagogue, tax, post, and telegraph offices, a brewery, several elegant private resi dences, and a large station on the Szolnok-Arad Railway. The soil of the surrounding country, though in some places clayey, is in others of a rich and productive character, and the inhabitants succeed in raising plentiful crops of wheat, mangcorn, barley, millet, and maize, besides cultivating several kinds of orchard fruit and grapes. The mere con siderable landholders rear great numbers of sheep, pigs, and horned cattle. An abundant supply of fish and water fowl is yielded by the Koros, which is here spanned over by a wooden bridge and by the railway. Enormous quantities of firewood are floated down the stream on rafte. The fields are protected from floods by a large dike, whilst a similar service is rendered by the Nagy-Iviln, Csergetyii, Jokai, and Ne met trenches, which usually become dry during summer. In 1870 the population of Gyoma was 9907, by nationality Magyars. Before 1682 three other communes, viz., Ege, P6, and Nyarszeg, stood on the wide- spreading tract belonging to Gyoma. In that year they were, however, completely destroyed, and now only traces of their former existence remain.  GYÖNGYÖS, the second town in importance of Heves county, Hungary, is situated at the foot of the Matra, south-west of Eger (Erlau), and is connected by a branch line with the Budapest-Miskolcz royal state railway, 47 47 N. lat., 19 59 E. long. Gyongyos is the seat of a court of justice, and of a board of taxes, and contains three churches, a large monastic establishment belonging to the Franciscans, a gymnasium, manufactories of leather, hats, and woollen cloth, and distilleries. The town carries on a brisk trade, especially in the Vissontaer and Egri (Erlauer) red wines, which are produced in great Quantities in the 