Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/281

Rh the Huguenots in Orleans. There, early in, he was assassinated. If he was the noblest of the Guises, his brother Charles, second cardinal of Lorraine, was the ablest. In his earlier days the cardinal had shown some sympathy with the Reformers ; in later life he vigorously repressed them, and took a leading part in the council of Trent, where he is said to have sketched the first lines of the famous League. Like all early friends of the Jesuits, he did his best for education, and patronized men of letters, while he coerced independence of thought and aimed at introducing the Inquisition. He died in. His younger brother Louis, first cardinal of Guise, ‘‘le cardinal des bouteilles,” was a grand pluralist, an easy-going personage, whose quiet life was in striking contrast to the feverish energy of his brothers. René, marquis of Elbeuf, another brother, is the stem of the great houses of Elbeuf. Harcourt, and Lislebonne. Henry of Guise, eldest son of Duke Francis, born in, was with his father at Orleans, and saw his death. The boy therefore begin his public life with an inextin- guishable hatred against Huguenots, eager to distinguish himself in civil war. With his brother Louis, second carlinal of Guise, he entered into all the intrigues of the sccession question, and bitterly opposed Henry of Navarre. fle wis at Jarnac, and, in the victory of Dormans over the German invaders, he too won the title of “le Balafré.” II: soon became the idol of Paris: manly, handsome, and devide I, he won all hearts, and was at once a popular hero. Fortune too favoured him by bringing him into contrast with the wretched Henry IIL, and with his portly cautions brother the duke of Mayenne. In he was recognized as heal of the League, supported by Philip TI. and the papacy. Ambitious of the crown of France, he worked subtly for it behind the screen of old Cardinal Bourbon’s nam. In the war of the three Henries (Henry III., Henry of Navarre, Henry of Guise) he again drove the Germans oat of France; and, when invited to the capital by the “Sixteen,” ruled there unopposed, the “King of Paris.” Henry IIL, whom he had compelled to sign the Enict of Union, found his supremacy intolerable; and just before Christmas, the duke and the cardinal his brother were assassinated by the royal orders. His ellest son Charles, born in, was arrested at the time of the double murder, but escaped in, and was welcomed with enthusiasm by the Paris mob, which hoped he woul:l wel the infanta of Spain, and with the help of Philip IL. secure for himself the throne of France. But the opposition of his uncle Mayenne proved fatal to the scheme. At the end of the struggle, both he and Mayenne sabinitted to Henry [V., helped him to reduce the nobles in Languedoc, and received the government of Provence. In Richelieu’s days he sided with the queen mother, and was compelled to withdraw in 1631 to Italy, where he died in 1640. By his side also was a cardinal brother, the third of Guise, who ended by abandoning the ecclesiastical state, an mirrying one of the mistresses of Henry IV. Henry, fourth son of Charles, born in 1614, had already succeedel to that family benefice, the archbishopric of Rheims, when the death of his elder brother made him head of the family, and in 1640 fifth duke. He too went against the absolutism of the age, and joined the count of Soissons. Condemned to lose his head he fled to Brussels, an took command of the Austrian troops against France,— noble traitors to their country being then not uncommon. In 1643, however, after Richelieu’s death, he returned to France; but being chosen their chief by the Neapolitans, at the time of Masaniello’s revolt, and dazzled by this opening for his ambition, he betook himself to Naples. Ther2 his failure was complete; he was defeated and carrie prisoner to Madrid. Delivered thence by the inter- cession of the Great Condé, he again attempted Naples, and failed again. After this he spent the rest of his romautic ill-ordered life at the French court, and died in 1664 leaving no issue; his sisters never married, and of all his brothers, one only, Louis, duke of Joyeuse, left a son, born in 1650, who became sixth duke of Guise. He died of small-pox in 1671, leaving an infant son, Francis Joseph, seventh duke, a sickly babe, with whom, four years later, the direct line of the house of Guise expired. The other branches had early died out, saving the family of the seventh son of Claude first duke, René, marquis of Elbeuf ; the marquis of Lambesc, who died in 1826, was the last descendant of this branch, and with him the family finally became extinct.

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I | | | Antoine, Claude, Ist John, 1st Ferry, Louis, Francis, duke of dukeofGuise cardinalof killed at killed at killed at Lorraine. Antoinette Lorraine. Marignano. Naples. Pavia, of Bourbon, $. L. | | |. . t Francis,2d Charles,2d = Claude, Louis, René, Marie= And duke of card. of | marquis of Ist Marquis James V. six Guise= Lorraine. Mayenne, cardinal of of others. Anne of and duke of Guise. Elbeuf. Scotland. Este, of Aumale. f. Mary j | | l Q. of Scots. Tlenry,3d = Charles, — Louis, 2d And Charles, I duke= duke of cardinal five duke of Catherine Mayenne, of Guise, others. Elbeuf. of Cleves f 1611. $. | (and had 14 children), Henry, + . duke of Mayenne, ¢ 1621. Charles, Louis, 3d And 4th duke cardinal of — twelve of Guise, Guise= more +1640. Charlotte des Essarts. Henry, archb. Louis, duke And of Rheims, of Joyeuse, eight and ith duke, f 1654. "more. ¢ 1664. Louis-Jo GUITAR, a stringed instrument of Eastern origin. The naine no doubt is derived from the Greek xiOapa, but the instrument itself we owe to the Arabs, who introduced it into Spain. In the it became known in Italy and France, and about 1790 a German instrument-maker of the name of Cetto greatly increased its power by adding a sixth string to the five formerly in use. The genuine Spanish guitar was introduced into England after the Penin- sular War by Ferdinand Sor, a Spaniard who was both a composer for and a player on the instrument. About the same time the guitar was very much in fashion on the Continent, and even Paganini cultivated it. But this circumstance was due to the romantic associations rather than to the intrinsic merits of the instrument, and accord- ingly it soon relapsed into comparative oblivion. It is, how- ever, occasionally employed in the orchestra and for the accompaniment of simple vocal pieces, and for these pur- poses it has no doubt its merits. The guitar isa flat-backed instrument, the sides of which turn inwards. The sound- board, pierced by a round sound-hole, is generally made of
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