Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/257

Rh Like Urbino and Faenza, Gubbio was formerly noted for its majolica, and it was Maestro Giorgio of Gubbio who re- discovered the ruby glazing for which this ware is remark- able. ‘The manufacture has been resumed in modern times. In the neighbourhood of the town there isa great reservoir, La Bottacione, capable of containing 4,720,000 cubic feet of water. The population in 1871 was 5343 in the town and 22,787 in the commune. See.

1em  GUBEN, a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, capital of a circle in the government district of Frankfort, is situated at the confluence of the Lubist with the Neisse and at the junction of three different railways, 28 miles S.S.E. of Frankfort. It is the seat of a circle court and of a district office, and possesses three evangelical churches, an Old Lutheran church, a Catholic church, a synagogue, a gym- nasium, a real-school of the first order, two higher female schools, an infirmary, and a theatre. The principal industries are the spinning and weaving of wool, dyeing, tanning, and the manufacture of pottery ware, hats, and machinery. The vine is cultivated in the neighbourhood to some extent, and there is also some trade in fruit and vegetables, The population in 1875 was 23,704.

1em  GUDGEON (G@obio), a small fish of the family Cypri- ride (see ), with narrow, cylindrical body, and with a small barbel at each corner of the mouth. These fishes are generally distributed over Europe, the most com- mon being Gobio fluviatilis, called “goujon” in France, “ gréssling ” or ‘ griindling” in Germany, and “ gobione” in Italy. They thrive in streams as well as lakes, always keeping to the bottom, and scarcely exceeding a length of 8 inches. Gudgeons differing but little from the European are equally common in China and Japan.  GUELDERLAND,, or (in Dutch Gerderland or Gelre, in German Geldern, and in Latin Geldria), formerly a duchy of the empire, bounded by Friesland, Westphalia, Brabant, Holland, and the Zuydersee. At of the  the land was held by Batavians and Chamavians, and a few centuries later both Saxons and Franks were added to its population. The Carolingian kings ruled over it by means of a number of counts, among whom those of Hameland, Teisterbant (Testrebante), and Nimeguen were the most prominent ; but hitherto it has not been discovered how these counts are connected with the later dynasty of the counts of Guelderland and Zutphen, which makes its appearance in the. There is documentary proof at Braunweiler of the existence of a Count Otto at the , and a charter of is sealed by Gerhard of Gelder. Count Gerhard II. of Gelder married Ermgard of Zutphen, and their son Henry succeeded to the double inheritance. Both Henry (–) and his son and successor Otto I. (–) considerably extended their domains, and Otto deserves to be remembered for the civic rights which by a happy innovation he bestowed on the town of Zutphen in. Gerhard ITI. (–) obtained from the emperor Frederick II. the right of removing the toll of Arnheim to Lobith, where it long proved the principal source of income to the countship. Otto II., son of Gerhard IIL, greatly augmented his power and territory, and secured the internal stability of his government by erecting numerous free communes, such as Harderwijk, Arnheim, Emmerich, Reinald T. (–) had the chagrin of seeing the dukedom of Limberg, which fell to him by the death of his father-in-law, seized by John I. of Brabant in, the right of bestowing full municipal privileges on any free communities he might establish, and in he was raised to the rank of prince of the empire by Frederick of Austria, which implied possession of legislative authority and liberty to coin his own money. A steady increase of power rewarded the exertions of Reinald II. (–), and shortly before his death (March 19, ) he received the hereditary title of duke of Guelderland from the emperor Louis of Bavaria. The new duchy, however, had an ill beginning of its history. Reinald IIT., the natural successor, found a bitter rival in his brother Edward, and in, after a contest of eleven , he was completely defeated in the battle of Tiel ; and though ten years later, on Edward’s death, he recovered his rightful position, he survived his restoration only three months. A protracted contest between the hostile factions was at length decided in favour of William a nephew of the last duke, and son of William of Juliers, who succeeded in, but did not receive imperial recognition till. Between and  he assisted the Teutonic knights against the Prussians; and in he became duke of Juliers by the death of his father. He died 16th February , and was followed by his brother Reinald IV., whose reign of three and twenty was mainly noticeable for several contests with Holland, the surrender of Emmerich and other portions cf territory, and the gradual consolidation of the Guelderland states. Reinald IV. dying childless in, the coronet passed to his grand-nephew Arnold, the son of John of Egmond. Arnold of Egmond was at first recognized by the emperor Sigismund in, but in the emperor revoked his sanction, and gave his support to Adolphus of Cleves. In the war that followed the people of Guelderland stood true to Arnold, but his extravagance and carelessness brought the financial affairs of his duchy into confusion; and at length, in, after the defeat of his forces by Adolphus at Linnich, he was constrained to pawn part of his territory to Cleves. The states had complained of the maladministration in a diet of, and the malcontents ultimately, in, found a leader in the duke’s own son Adolphus, who, after an apparent recon- ciliation with his father made the old man a prisoner in January, and confined him in the castle of Biren. A civil war now broke out, and Charles the Bold of Burgundy
 * but from the emperor Henry VII. he received, in