Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/250

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1em GUARINO, or (–), of Verona, one of the Italian restorers of classical learning, was born in at Verona, and studied Greek at Constantinople, where for five he was the pupil of Manuel Chrysoloras. When he set out on his return to Italy he was the happy possessor of two cases of precious Greek MSS. which he had been at great pains to collect; it is said that the loss of one of these by shipwreck caused him such distress that his hair turned grey in a single night. He employed himself as a teacher of Greek, first at Verona and afterwards in Venice and Florence; in he became, through the patronage of Lionel, marquis of Este, professor of Greek at Ferrara; and in and  he acted as interpreter for the Greeks at the councils of Ferrara and Florence. He died at Ferrara 14th Deeember, aged ninety.

1em  GUARINO, also known as, and surnamed from his birthplace, , or (c.–), lexicographer and scholar, was born at Favora near Camerino about, studied Greek and Latin at Florence under Politian, and afterwards became for a time the pupil of Lascaris. Having entered the Benedictine order, he now gave himself with great zeal to Greek lexico- granhy ; and in  his Thesaurus cornucopie et horti Adonidis, a collection of thirty-four grammatical tracts in Greek. He for some time acted as tutor to Giovanni dei Medici (afterwards Leo X.), and also held the appointment of keeper of the Medicean library at Florence. In Leo appointed him bishop of Nocera. In he published a translation of the Apophthegmata of Joannes Stubzeus, and in appeared his Kéymologicum Magnum, sive Thesaurus universe lingue Greece ex multis variisque autoribus collectus,a compilation which has been frequently reprinted, and which has laid subsequent scholars under great though not always acknowledged obligations. Guarino died in.  GUASTALLA, a town of Italy, in the province of Reggio, at the influx of the Crostolo into the Po, about 24 miles N.E. of Parma, It is the seat of a bishop, and possesses a cathedral, San Pictro, an extensive but ruined castle of the, eight churches, a civil hospital, a gymnasium, a public library (Za Biblioteca Muldottz) with 18,000 vols., a school of music, and a theatre. A statue of Ferrante J. of Gonzaga, by Leone Leoni of Arezzo, adorns the market-place. The inhabitants are largely engaged in the growing of rice, for which the marshy land around the town is specially adapted ; and they also manufacture silk, flannel, and linen. In 1871 the population of the town proper was only 2809, but that of the commune was 10,618.

1em  GUATEMALA, or more rarely, was formerly a captain-generalcy of Spanish America, which included the fifteen provinces of Chiapas, Suchitepeques, Escuintla, Sonsonate, San Salvador, Vera Paz and Peten, Chiquimula, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Totonicapan, Quesaltenango, Solola, Chimaltenango, and Saecatepeques,— or, in other words, the whole of Central America and part of the present territory of Mexico. The name is now restricted to a small part of the area which constitutes an independent republic. The republic of Guatemala is situated between 13° 42’ and 18° N. lat., and between 88° and 93° 5” W. long. Conterminous on the N. with Mexico and Yucatan, it is bounded towards the E. and §.E. by Belize or British Honduras, the Gulf of Honduras, and the republics of Honduras and San Salvador; and towards the 8.W. it is washed by the Pacific. The Yucatan frontier is only partially fixed, and though the Mexican frontier was nominally determined as early as 1772, the interpretation of the terms of the agreement is still open to much debate. Towards British Honduras the boundary is fixed by the treaty of April 30, 1858, according to which it runs up the mid-channel of the river Sarstoon to the Gracias a Dios Falls, thence in a right line to Garbutt’s Falls on the river Belize, and thence again in a right line due north to the Mexican frontier, The area of Guatemala is estimated at from 40,000 to over 50,000 square miles; an accurate statement is impossible, not only on account of the dubiety of frontier, but from the fact that the surveys are very imperfect. All the maps of the country contain a great deal of hypothetical material, especially in the filling up of the orographical details.

Mountains.—A large proportion of Guatemala may be generally described as mountainous. The main or central chain, which is usually considereda continuation of the Andes, runs in a wavy line from south-east to north-west, keeping on the whole parallel with the Pacific coast at a distance of 40 or 45 miles. Its mean elevation is about 7000 fect, but none of its summits attain to 14,000. Though it forms the main watershed of the country between the Pacific and the Atlantic versant or slope, it is pierced in one or two places by rivers. In the neighbourhood of the capital it bears the name of Sierra de las Nubes; in the north-west it is known as the Sierra Madre ; and it enters the Mexican (ex- Guatemalian) state of Chiapas as the mountains of Istatan. A range called the Sierra de Chama, which, however, changes its name frequently from place to place, strikes eastward from the Sierra Madre towards Belize, where it is known as the Cockscomb ; another similar range, the Sierra de Santa Cruz, continues east to Cape Cocoli between the Rio Dulce and the Sarstoon ; and a third, the Sierra de las Minas or in its eastern portion Sierra del Mico stretches between the Rio Dulce and the Rio Motagua. Between Honduras and Guatemala the frontier is formed by the Sierra de Copan. There are no real plateaus in Guatemala such as give its character to the Mexican region, the so-called plateaus of Quesaltenango, Pacicia, Guatemala, &c., being merely broad valleys amid the mountains ; but the general relief of the country is of the most varied description, the mountains 