Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/215

Rh Grindal yielded to the peremptory orders of Elizabeth in regard to the clergy who refused to sign the Act of Uni formity, he seems on all other occasions, while conducting himself with great moderation and manifesting unvarying courtesy and an earnest desire to avoid every cause of offence, to have strenuously upheld the spiritual independ ence of his office. His aims were on the whole noble and unselfish, and he was zealous in his endeavours to reform the abuses of his predecessor, to improve the moral and intellectual status of the clergy, and as far as possible to conciliate and reclaim the Puritans. He was sincerely attached to Protestantism, and laid much stress on the function of preaching, a &quot; gift &quot; in which he himself is said to have excelled. Grindal is alluded to (as Algrind) in the seventh &quot; aeglogue &quot; of Spenser s /Shepheards Calender.

 GRINDSTONE. Sandstones which possess the property of abrading steel and other hard substances are extensively used in arts and manufactures under the name of grind stones. In its simplest form a grindstone consists of a stone disc, more or less circular, mounted on a horizontal iron spindle carried on the tops of two wooden posts fixed in the ground. A. winch handle, or occasionally a rude crank with treadle, provides the means of giving a slow rotation to the stone, against the cylindrical face of which the steel or other substance which is to be ground is held. Such grindstones possessing neither truth of figure nor the means of obtaining it are unsuitable for any but the roughest purposes ; and although by mounting them in a frame to which a rest can be attached it is possible to keep them true and tolerably efficient, they are always slow in their action. Cutlers employ grindstones which are roughly mounted but which act well, being driven at a much higher speed by a strap from a large wheel or pulley, and they carefully preserve the truth of the cylindrical face. And in many manufacturing processes the surface speed of the face is still further increased by employing very large stones, and giving them the greatest number of revolutions per minute that is compatible with safety, this limit even being some times exceeded, when the centrifugal force overcomes the rather slight cohesive strength of the stones, and breaks them up into fragments which fly to great distances with disastrous results. Sandstone suitable for grindstones of various degrees of hardness and fineness is found in the coal districts of the north of England, and also in those of the midland counties. A favourite stone for tool-grinding at a low speed is quarried at Bilston in Staffordshire. The neighbourhood of Sheffield also affords some useful qualities of grindstone. Artificial grindstones closely resembling the natural stones, but of perfectly uniform texture, which the natural ones frequently are not, were made a few years ago by Mr Ransome s ingenious process. Their manufacture has been discontinued, but artificial grindstones of another kind, made with emery instead of sand, are now effecting a com plete revolution in the art of the machinist. By means of these emery grinders, to which great variety of size and form can be given so as to suit the particular purposes for which they are intended, the operation of trueing up metal surfaces by hand, whether they are large or small, curved or flat, can in very many kinds of work be entirely dis pensed with, the results being superior in truth of figure, uniform in all cases, and obtained in a mere fraction of the time which the most skilful workman would require. The I extensive use of these grinders in America (where the im portance of labour-saving machines is properly appreciated) renders it certain that the system will gradually make its way also in England, and that hand-filing will thus to a large extent be superseded, files being costly instru ments in themselves, and many times more costly in their use, owing to the skill which they demand on the part of the workman who handles them. Artificial wheels made with emery are by no means a new invention. In India and China they have been used for centuries ; but, being made with lac and similar fusible materials, such wheels are not capable of being run at the high rate of speed which is a first essential to their effici ency. Others, however, which were not liable to these objections were made and patented in England more than thirty years ago ; and it is surprising that these have not been more generally used. The chief advantage of those now made, some of which are manufactured in the United States, some on the continent of Europe, and some in England, is that they can be obtained of large size up to about 3 feet in diameter and that they are strong enough to be driven at a very high speed without breaking. At a surface speed of 5000 or 6000 feet per minute these wheels cut tempered steel readily, when used either wet or dry, and by their means it can be shaped, if necessary, in its hardest condition, with a facility previously unattainable. As in the case of common grindstones, truth of form is most important to their efficient working, and it is therefore desirable that the work under treatment should be held perfectly rigid, by means of some form of sliding rest, or otherwise. When so used the wear of the emery wheel, which is exceedingly slow, keeps it constantly true without attention. If from any cause this truth of figure be lost, or if it be desired to alter the form of the face, recourse must be had to turning it up with a diamond, nothing else in nature being sufficiently hard for the purpose.

 GRINGOIRE, or (c. 1480-1544), was the last of the mediaeval poets. He lived to see the old methods which he was taught to believe unchangeable entirely superseded. He was born about the time when King Rend, the last of the princely trouveres, died ; lie finished his career when Marot had already introduced a new and natural genre which he could not understand, and when Ronsard and Baif were beginning those studies which would interpose a barrier between the old language and the new. It was not to be expected that he should ever fall in with the new movements, or that he should understand the enormous value of the changes which were destined to consign his own works to oblivion. The place of his birth is uncertain. Perhaps it was Lorraine, perhaps Normandy. His real name was Gringon, which he changed to Gringoire, for the poetical reason that it sounded better. His early history is almost entirely un known ; at the age of nineteen or twenty he produced his ! first poem, Le Chateau de Labour, in which he is supposed to have narrated his own experiences. Most probably he did. Rend, Charles of Orleans, Froissart, Deschamps, all the poets whose works he would study, began with a poetical exposition of their own experiences. There are, in Gringoire s poem, the personages common to all mediaeval allegories, Raison, Bonne Volonte, Talent de beau faire, for friends, and Souci, Tromperie, and the rest, for enemies. Finding that the trade in allegorical poems was ruined for want of demand, and discovering an opening in the direc tion of mysteries, Gringoire began to produce those dramas, and joined the &quot; Enfants de Sans Souci.&quot; The fraternity advanced him to the dignity of &quot; Mere Sotte,&quot; and after wards to the highest honour of the guild, that of &quot; Prince des Sots.&quot; For twenty years Gringoire seems to have been 