Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/190

Rh GREGORYVIII. (Albert de Mora), who as had in attended the  of, which absolved  of  from the guilt of the  of, was   in room of   25th, , and died of  on  17th of. was his successor.

 GREGORYIX., from to, the successor of, fully inherited the traditions of  and of his uncle , and zealously gave himself up to the perpetuation of their policy. One of the first acts of his was to suspend the , then lying  at , for dilatoriness in carrying out his promised ; the suspension was followed by  and threats of  after  had written to the s of  complaining of his treatment. A consequent invasion of the of  at the instance of  in  having proved unsuccessful,  was constrained to give in his submission and beg for. Although peace was thus secured for a season, the  were far from satisfied; driven by a revolt from  in , the  was compelled to take refuge at  and invoke the aid of. A new outbreak of led to a fresh  of  in, and to a prolonged  which was only terminated by the death of Gregory ( 22, ). This, who was a remarkably skilful and learned , caused to be prepared in the well known Nova Compilatio Decretalium, printed at  in. He it was who s, , and  of , and also  of , of whom he had been a personal friend. His encroachments upon the rights of the during the ignominious reign of  are well known; but similar attempts against the  of the al  of  only served to call forth the celebrated  of. Gregory IX. was succeeded by

 GREGORY X., from to, succeeded  after the   had been three s vacant; his  occurred while he was engaged in a  to. On his arrival at his first  was to summon the  which met at  in  for the purpose of considering the, the condition of the , and the abuses of the. It was while returning from that that he died at  on the 10th of. To him is due the which, subsequently incorporated into the  of, continues to regulate all s for  s. He was succeeded by

 GREGORY XI. (Pierre Roger de Beaufort), from to, born in  in, succeeded  in  as one of the  s. During his  vigorous measures were taken against the &ldquo;&rdquo; which had broken out in , , and other parts of ; a sincere effort was also made to bring about a reformation in the various. The nineteen propositions of and the thirteen articles of the &ldquo;Sachsenspiegel&rdquo; were formally condemned by him in. His energy was largely stimulated by the stirring words of of  (see .), to whom in particular the transference of the  back to,  27, , was almost entirely due. He did not long survive this removal, dying on 27,. His successor was, but the  also received much support, and the  lasted forty s.

 GREGORY XII. (Angelo Corario or Corraro), from to, born at  about, succeeded  on 30th  , having been chosen at  by a  consisting of only fifteen s, under the express condition that, should  of  renounce all claim to the , he also would renounce his, so that a fresh  might be made by the no longer divided. Along with he was deposed by the  of  in   as atical,, , and scandalous; but it was not till after the  of  had set aside   that through his  he formally renounced the  and dignity of ful. The rest of his life was spent in peaceful obscurity as - of and  of the  of. He died 18,, having been succeeded in  by

 GREGORY XIII. (Ugo Buoncompagno), pope from 1572 to 1585, was born February 7, 1502, at Bologna, where he studied law and graduated in 1530, and after wards taught jurisprudence for some years, Alexander Farnese and Charles Borromeo being among his pupils. At the age of thirty-six he was summoned to Rome by Paul III., under whom he held successive appointments as first judge of the capital, abbreviator, and vice-chan cellor of the campagna ; by Paul IV. he was attached as datarius to the suite of Cardinal Carafa; and by Pius IV. he was created cardinal priest and sent to the council of Trent. On the death of Pius V. in May 1572, the choice of the conclave fell upon Buoncompagno, who assumed the name of Gregory XIII. His intervention in the affairs of Britain through Ireland and by means of his tool Philip II., and also the league which he sought to cement against France (the massacre of the St Bartholomew had taken place in September 1572), are matters which belong to the history of those countries. In order to raise funds for these and similar objects, he confiscated a large propor tion of the houses and properties throughout the states of the church, a measure which enriched his treasury, indeed, for a time, but by alienating the great body of the nobility and gentry, revived old factions, created new ones, and ultimately plunged his temporal dominions into a state bordering upon anarchy. Such was the position of matters at the time of his death, which took place on the 10th of April 1585. He was a liberal patron of the Jesuit order, for which he founded many new colleges ; the new and greatly improved edition of the Corpus juris canonici was also due to his care ; but the work with which the name of Gregory XIII. is most intimately and honourably associated is that of the reformation of the calendar, which has been already described under that heading (vol. iv. p. 671). Gregory XIII. was succeeded by Sixtus V.

 GREGORY XIV. (Niccolo Sfoudrato), pope from 1590 to 1591, a native of Cremona, succeeded Urban VII., 5th December 1590. As a monk he had been eminent for the decency and sobriety of his life ; but his brief pontificate was marked by no important occurrence, except that, in stigated by the king of Spain and the duke of Mayenne, he excommunicated Henry IV. of France, declaring him, as a heretic and persecutor, to be deprived of his dominions, and also levied an army for the invasion of France. The history of that country records how this proceeding was regarded alike by clergy, parliament, and people. The biographers mention as a curious personal trait of Gregory XIV. a nervous tendency to laughter which occasionally became irresistible, and which manifested itself even at his coronation. He was succeeded by Innocent IX.

 GREGORY XV. (Alessandro Ludovisio), pope from 1621 to 1623, born at Bologna in 1554, succeeded Paul V. on the 9th of February 1621. Beyond assisting the German emperor against the Protestants, and the king of Poland against the Turks, he interfered little in European <section end="GREGORY XV." />