Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/93

Rh interrupted by the Franco-German war, and during the siege of Paris he served as principal staff ofﬁcer to the admiral in command of the eighth “sector.” His experiences during the siege were published anonymously in the feuilleton of Le Temps, and appeared separately as Le Siege de Paris, journal d’un officier de marine, 1871. Returning to Cochin-China he found the political circumstances of the country unfavourable to further exploration, and accordingly he went to China, and in 1873 followed the upper course of the to the waterfalls. He was next commissioned by Admiral Dupré, governor of Cochin-China, to to found a French protectorate or a new colony. On November 20, 1873, he took, the capital of , and on December 7th he was slain.

1em  GAROFALO,. See.  GARONNE, the ancient Garumna, a river of southern France, which rises in the Spanish Pyrenees not far from the massif of Maladetta, ﬂows through the ﬁne gorge called the Val d’Aran, partly loses itself under the calcareous rocks that form the gulf of Cledes, enters France near the Pont du Roi, and proceeds in a general north-west direction till it falls into the Bay of Biscay. Rafts can be sent down the river from the Spanish frontier; boats can pass with the stream from the conﬂuence of the Sal-at to Toulouse ; from Toulouse downwards regular navigation with boats can be maintained; and seafaring vessels can sail up as far as Castets, 32 miles above Bordeaux. At Bec d’AInbes, near the conﬂuence of the Dordogne, the river widens out to a breadth of from 2 to 4 miles, and takes the name of the Gironde. This estuary presents an almost uninterrupted saccession of islands and banks, which divide it into two nearly equal branches, and render the navigation somewhat difﬁcult. At the mouth stands the famous tower of Cordouan, which dates from –, and ranks as one of the ﬁnest lighthouses on the coast of France. The current at Toulouse, when the water is at its lowest, amounts to 1271 cubic feet per second, but in the ordinary state of the river it is 5297 cubic feet. During ordinary ﬂood it rises about 25 feet; but in exceptional cases, as in 1855 and 1856, this increases to 28 or even 30 feet, and as the banks of the river are low the inunda- tions are very extensive. The principal aﬁiuents on the right are the Salat, the Ariége, the Tarn, the Lot, the Dropt, and the Dordogne; and on the left the N este, the Bouge, the Save, the Gimoné, the Gers, the Baise, and the Ciron.  GARONNE,, or, is one of the frontier departments in the south of France, being continuous with Spain along the line of the Pyrenees. To the N. lies the department of Tarn-et-Garonne, to the E. are those of Tarn, Aude, and Ariége, and to the W. those of Gers and Hautes-Pyre’nées. The form of the department is very irregular. Its greatest length is 99 miles from NE. to S.W., and its greatest breadth about 56 miles; but its area only amounts to 629,000 hectares, or 2428 English square miles. The northern portion is a fertile but mountainous stretch of country, with continual interchange of hill and valley nowhere thrown into striking relief ; while towards the south the land rises gradually to the Pyrenees, which there attain a height of upwards of 11,000 feet. All the streams by which the department is lwit-ered—the N este, the Salat, the Lers, the Logue, the lonelie, &c.—belong to the system of the river from which it takes its name. Except in the mountainous region the climate is mild, the mean annual temperature being rather higher than that of Paris. The rainfall, which aver- ages 23 inches at Toulouse and 26 at St Gaudens, is distributed over 125 days. The winds are often violent. Thick forests of oak, fir, and pine exist in the mountains, and furnish timber for shipbuilding. The arable land (360,241 hectares, or 890,207 acres) is well adapted for the cultivation of wheat, maize, and other grain crops; and the produce of cereals is generally much more than is required for the local consumption. Oats, buckwheat, barley, ﬂax, colza, and potatoes are all grown ; fruit is plentiful, and about 54,000 hectares, or 133,441 acres, are occupied by vineyards, though the wine is only of medium quality. As pasture land is abundant, at good deal of atten- tion is given to the rearing of cattle and sheep ; and owing to thelnountainous character of the southern region asses and mules are favourite beasts of burden, and may be estimated at 24,000 in number. Iron,lead, copper, and coal are among the mineral productions, as well as marble, both white and variegated, granite, freestone, lime, and slate. The manu- factures are various though not individually extensive, and include iron and copper utensils, earthenware, woollen, cotton, and linen goods, leather, paper, watches, mathe- matical instruments, &c. Railway communication is fur- nished by the line from Bordeaux to Cette which passes by Toulouse, and there sends off branch lines leading to Albi, Auch, Foix, St Giron, and Bagn'eres de Luchon. The Canal du Midi traverses the department for 32 miles. There are four arrondissements—Toulouse, Villefranche, Muret, and St Gaudens, subdivided into 39 cantons and 585 com- munes. The chief town, Toulouse. contained 120,208 inhabitants in 1875; but there is no other town of even 5000 in the department, the largest being St Gaudens with 4087. The population of Haute—Garonne in 1801 was 405,574, including the arrondissement of Castel- sarrasin with 60,545 inhabitants, which was detached in 1806; in 1851 it was 481,610, and in 1875, 477,730.  GARRICK, (1716–1799), the greatest actor of his age, and the most successful of English theatrical managers, was descended from a good French Protestant family of Bordeaux which had settled in England on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. His father, Captain Peter Garrick, was on a recruiting expedition when his celebrated son was born at Hereford on February 19, 1716—17. The captain usually resided at Lichﬁeld on half pay, but, in order to beneﬁt his large family, he accepted an offer to proceed on service to Gibraltar, in place of a brother ofﬁcer who was desirous of returning to England. This kept him many years absent from home, and the letters written to him by “little Davy,” acquainting him with the doings at Lichﬁeld, are highly interesting memorials of the future Roscius. In his nine- teenth year, after receiving a good education at the grammar school of Lichﬁeld, David was sent to the establishment at Edial, opened in J une or July 1736 by Samuel Johnson, his senior by seven years. The Edial academy was shut- in about six months, and on the 2d of March 1736—7 master and pupil, Johnson and Garrick, left Lichﬁeld for London, the one to commence the study of the law, and the other to try his tragedy of Irene—Johnson, as he afterwards said, “with twopence halfpenny in his pocket,” and Garrick “with three-halfpence in his.” Seven days afterwards, however, Garrick was entered of Lincoln’s Inn, but after remaining for a few months in London, he resided for some time with Mr Colson, a distinguished teacher at Rochester (afterwards Lucasian professor at Cambridge). Captain Garrick, who had returned from Gibraltar, died about a month after his son’s arrival in London. Soon afterwards a rich uncle, a wine merchant at Lisbon, in his will left David a sum of £1000, and he and his brother entered; into partnership as wine merchants in