Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/92

82 are present; yttrium, for instance, has been found in girnets from Brevig, Norway. Three principal groups have been recognized, called, according to their chief sesquioxidc basic components, alumina. iron, and chrome garnets, which have the general formula lt"3Al._,.Si50,2, ]t”3Fe2.Si3Olg, and lt",,C‘r2.Si30m, respectively. These are further classed, by the predominance of one or other of their contained pro- toxides, into numerous subordinate groups, as lime-alumina garnet, Ca3Al2.Si3012, e.g., grossularite, topazolite, and essonite; magnesia-alumina garnet, comprising pyrope, the typical specimens of which contain a small percentage of chromium; iron-alumina garnet, e.g., almandite, common girnet in part, and allochroite ; manganese-alumina garnet, as spessartite and romanzovite; lime-iron garnet, which includes andradite, melanite, or black garnet, which may be titaniferous, as at Frascati, and pyreneite, aplome, and common garnet in part ; lime-magnesia-iron garnet (CaMg)3Fe2.Si3O,._,, or bredbergite; and lime-chrome garnet, or ouvarovite. Colophouite, a yellow—brown to honey-yel— low or almost pitch-black mineral, with a resinous lustre, cunmonly considered to be a lime-iron garnet, according to Wichmanu and Des-Cloiseaux must be regarded as for the most part granular vesuvian.

1em 1em  GARNIER, (1754–1821), an able writer on political economy, was born at Auxerre, on 8th November 1754. He was educated for the law, and obtained when young the ofﬁce of procurem' at Chatelet. He acted for some time as secretary to Mme. Adelaide, aunt of Louis XYL, and by his fine presence and manners acquired con- siderable reputation and power at court. On the calling of the states-general he was named as deputy for Chatelet, and in 1790 he appears to have been a member of the mom archical club in Paris. After 1792 he withdrew to the Pays de V and, and did not return till 1795. In public life, however, he seems to have been singularly fortunate. In 1797 he was on the list of candidates for the Directory ; in 1800 he was prefect of Seine et Oise ; in 1804 he was made senator; and from 1809 to 1811 he acted as president of the senate. After the restoration he obtained a peerage, and on the return of Louis XVIII., after the Hundred Days, he became minister of state and member of privy council. He died at Paris, 4th October 1821. Garnier was somewhat advanced in years before he began to take any interest in political economy ; his previous efforts in literature had been of an altogether different kind. At court he was, when young, noted for his facile power of verse-writing, and he translated Mrs Radcliffe and Mrs Montague.

1em  GARNIER, (1839–1873), usually called Francis Garnier, a French ofﬁcer and explorer, was born at StÉtienne, July 25, 1839, and perished by assassination in, December 7, 1873. He entered the navy, and after voyaging in Brazilian waters and the Paciﬁc he obtained a post on the staff of Admiral Charner, who from 1860 to 1862 was campaigning in Cochin-China. After some time spent in France he returned to the East, and in 1862 he was appointed inspector of the natives in Cochin-China, and entrusted with the administration of the of Cho-len or Sho-len. It was at Garnier’s suggestion that the Marquis de Chasseloup-Laubat determined to send a mission through Laos to Tibet, but as he was not considered old enough to be put in command, the chief authority was entrusted to Captain Doudart de Lagrée. In the course of the expedition—to quote the words of Sir Roderick Murchison addressed to the youthful traveller when, in 1870, he was presented with the Victoria Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London—from Cratieh in Cambodia to 5392 miles were traversed, and of these 3625 miles, chieﬂy of country unknown to European geography, were surveyed with care, and the positions ﬁxed by astronomical observations, nearly the whole of the observations being taken by Garnier himself. Volunteering to lead a detachment to the capital of Sultan Suleiman, the sovereign of the Mahometan rebels in, he successfully carried out the more than adventurous enterprise. When shortly afterwards Lagrée died, Garnier naturally assumed the command of the expedition, and he conducted it in safety to the, and thus to the Chinese coast. On his return to France he was received with enthusiasm. The preparation of his narrative was