Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/879

Rh further reduced its prosperity. The of, on the other hand, told somewhat in its favour; and since the annexation of  in  it has been carefully cherished by the. In the session –, its  numbered 909, and the   124,—its numerical strength thus entitling it to rank as the eighth on the list of. The present iate includes, among other distinguished, those of , , , , and. Amongst those who have been within its  may be mentioned, besides the seven already named,, , , , , , , , , , and. ,, and the distinguished , it may be added, were natives of Göttingen. The  contains upwards of 500,000   and 5000 s. There is a good , as well as adequate , , and  collections, the most remarkable being ’s famous collection of s. The other establishments more or less connected with the , such as the ,  , and various s, do not call for special notice. The Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften the long-established and well known Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen. The in  numbered 17,057.

1em 1em  GOTTSCHALK, or, surnamed undefined, a prominent figure in one of the most important controversies of the , was the son of , a  , and, having been devoted  from infancy by his parents to the , was trained at the  of , during the  of , and while  was a member of the. At the approach of manhood he made strenuous efforts to be released from his s; and he actually succeeded in obtaining from a held at  in  the necessary ; but through the hostile influence of  this was afterwards cancelled by, though as a slight mitigation of the harshness of this treatment he was permitted to remove to the  of , in the  of. Here he devoted himself to ardent study of the writings of, with the result that he became an enthusiastic believer in the of absolute , in one point going even beyond &mdash;Gottschalk believing in a  to condemnation as well as in a  to salvation, while  had contented himself with a doctrine of  as complementary to his doctrine of. While returning from a to  in , Gottschalk, happening to pass a  at a  in , came into contact with , the newly   of , and expounded to him his peculiar views. The, apparently without saying much at the time, carried word to , who, meanwhile, had become of ; the latter lost no time in issuing two , one to  and another to  of , in both which he denounced the opinions of Gottschalk with some recklessness and great violence. On the one hand, he accused his adversary of neglecting the distinction between foreknowledge and foreordination; on the other hand, he himself refused to recognize any difference between predestination to and predestination to. At a held in  in presence of the  in, Gottschalk presented himself with a written explanation and defence of his views; he was, however, very summarily found guilty of , and handed over to his  superior,  of , to be dealt with as his  might deserve. Having again assumed the defensive in an assembly at in, he was once more condemned,&mdash;on this occasion not only as a , but also as a despiser of , and as a disturber of the 's peace,&mdash;and sentenced to be  severely and rigorously  (durissimis verberibus castigari et secundum ecclesiasticas regulas ergastulo retrudi). The place selected for his was the  of  in the  of, and here he languished throughout the remainder of his life, a period of twenty , notwithstanding the efforts of influential friends and his own pitiful s.  of ,  of , and  of  successively expressed opinions more or less in favour of his views; nor did  derive much real aid from the  skill of , whom he had called in as an authority on the other side. Various s met, reached widely discrepant opinions on the burning question, and ultimately postponed its settlement to a future in less troubled times. The summons of, in , calling to account for his harsh conduct, unfortunately never took effect; and the result was that, after many renewed attempts at conviction and persuasion on the part of Gottschalk&mdash;he even proposed to settle the question by &mdash;he was suffered to die unheeded in , and, by orders of his inhuman adversary, was  in  ground. It may be added that Gottschalk had attempted to establish a counter charge of against, on account of the latter's substitution