Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/812

788 to the larger kind of coasting craft. A large part of the I country formerly covered with forest has been recklessly cleared, but theTarnova plateau is still a ﬁne wooded district with an area of about 35 or 40 square miles. The red beech is the predominant and in some parts almost the exclusive tree, but it is being displaced by the ﬁr and the pine. A number of pits in the plateau are full of ice all the year round, and yield about 16,000 cwts. annually for the con- sumption of the neighbouring countries. More than a ﬁfth of the area of the country is pasture-land, and less than a twenty-fourth is under the plough. The vine is largely cultivated, being not only planted in regular vineyards but introduced in long lines through the ordinary ﬁelds and carried up the hills in terraces locally called ronchi. \Vheat, maize, buck-wheat, and potatoes are the usual crops. Silk growing is largely carried on, especi- ally in the lowlands, and furnishes the material for the most extensive industry of the country. There are about 2000 workers in silk, and the produce is worth upwards of £200,000, while the cotton manufacture, which is next in importance, employs about 1000, and produces £100,000. Leather, linen, paper, and soap are manufactured on a smaller scale. The trade of the country is of very little importance. Gorz and Gradisea, according to the Consti- tution of 1861, have a diet consisting of six representatives of the landed proprietors, seven representatives of the towns and industrial interests, and eight representatives of the rural communes. The elector for the landed interest must pay 100 ﬂorins (about £10) of land-tax in the Italian circle, and 50 ﬂorins (about £5) in the Slovenian circle. Two representatives are sent to the imperial council. The political administration is in the hands of the lieutenant of the coast-lands, which include not only Gerz and Gradisca but also Trieste and Istria. Roman Catholicism is the ex- clusive religion, the only Protestant community being in the town of Gerz, and the Jews numbering only some 400. Ethnographically the population must contain much more various elements, but in 1857, out of a total of 196,276 inhabitants, 130,748 were registered as Slovenians, 47,811 as Friulians, 15,134 as Italians, and only 2150 as Germans.

1em

,, or (Italian, Gorizz'a; Modern Latin, Goritia), the chief town of the crown-land, is beautifully situated in the fruitful valley of the Isonzo, 25 miles N.N.W. of Trieste by railway. It is the seat of an archbishop, of a circle court, and of a head tax-ofﬁce. The principal buildings are the cathedral, the former Jesuit church and College now converted into barracks, the convents of the brothers and sisters of mercy, of the -Francisans, of the Capuchins, and of the Ursulines, the municipal buildings, the theatre, the house of the bishop, and the old castle of the former counts of Tyrol and GGrz now converted into a prison. Among the educational establishments are a central episcopal seminary, a gym- nasium, an upper real—school, a deaf and dumb institute, and an agricultural school. The industries include cotton and silk weaving, sugar reﬁning, brewing, the manufacture of leather, and the making of I'OSOgllO. There is also a considerable trade in wooden work, fruit, and wine. On account of its mild climate the town is coming to be much resorted to by invalids in winter. Charles X., the exiled king of France, died at Giirz 6th November 1836. The population of the town in 1869 was 16,659.

1em  GUS-HAWK, i.e., 'Goose-Hawk, the .lslur palmnbarius of ornithologists, and the largest of the short-winged Hawks used in Falconry. Its English name, however, has possibly been transferred to this species from one of the long-winged Hawks, or true Falcons, since there is no tradition of the Goa-Hawk, now so called, having ever been used in Europe to take Geese or other large and powerful birds. The genus .lstm‘ may be readily distinguished from Fulco by the smooth edges of its beak, its short wings (not reaching beyond about the middle of the tail), and its long legs and toes though these last are stout and comparatively shorter than in the Sparrow-Hawks (Accipz'ler). In plumage the Gos-Hawk has a general resemblance to the Peregrine Falcon (see, ), and it undergoes a corresponding change as it advances from youth to maturity—the young being longitudinally streaked beneath, while the adults are transversely barred. The irides, however, are always yellow, orin old birds orange, while those of the Falcons are dark brown. The sexes differ greatly in size. There can belittle doubt that the Gos-Hawk, now-a-days very rare in Britain, was once common in England, anl even towards the end of the last century Thornton obtained a nestling in Scotland, while Irish Gos-Hawks were of old highly cele- brated. Being strictly a woodland-bird, its disappearance may be safely connected with the disappearance of our ancient forests, though its destructiveness to Poultry and Pigeons has doubtless contributed to its present scarcity. In many parts of the continent of Europe it still abounds. It ranges eastward to China, and is much valued in India (see, ). In North America it is represented by a very nearly allied species, A. atricupillus, chieﬂy distinguished by the closer barring of the breast. Three or four examples corresponding with this form have been obtained in Britain. A good many other species of Astm- (some of them passing into Accip-z'ler) are found in various parts of the world, but the only one that need here be mentioned is the A. name-Izollandicc of Australia, which is remarkable for its dimorphism—one form possessing the normal dark-coloured plumage of the genus, and the other being perfectly white, with crimson irides. It must he stated, however, that some writers hold these two forms to be distinct species, and call the dark-coloured one A. cimnus or A. rm'i. “  GOSHEN ([Hebrew]), or the land of Goshen, a territory of Egypt in which the Israelites were settled from Jacob’s im- migration to the Exodus. In the Septuagint the equivalent is usually the land Uesem (I‘wén), but in Gen. xlv. 10 “the land Gesem of Arabia,” Arabia being here either the Arabian nome (’Apa/J’r'ag was) or the extreme east of Lower Egypt. According to Dr Brngsch the Arabian nome was the 20th of Lower Egypt in the older division known to us, the 32d in the later, the alteration in the number being due to a new division under the Ptolemies(1)ir(. Gear/1:, List follow- ing preface). The Egyptian name of the nome was Supt. and the capital was Kesem, probably Kosem, also called Kesem-Abot, Kescin of the East (Arabia), equivalent to the Gesem of the Septuagint, preserved in the classical I’haeusa (Pa-Kesem), and the modern Fakoos, where mounds mark the site of the ancient town Brugsch,