Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/804

780 of the gooseberry and V-moth; infusion of foxglove, and tobacco—water, are likewise tried by some growers. If the fallen leaves are carefully removed from the ground in the autumn and burnt, and the surface of the soil turned over with the fork or spade, most eggs and chrysalids will be destroyed. The goosebcrry was introduced into the United States by the early settlers, and in some parts of New England large quantities of the green fruit are produced and sold for culinary use in the towns; but the excessive heat of the American summer is not adapted for the healthy maturation of the berries, especially of the English varieties. Perhaps if some of these, or th0se raised in the country, could be crossed with one of the indigenous species, kinds might be obtained better ﬁtted for American conditions of culture, although the gooseberry does not readily hybridize. The bushes are apt to be infested by a minute ﬂy, known as the gooseberry midge, Cecitlomg/ia grossularicc, which lays its eggs in the green fruit, in which the larvae are hatched, causing the berries to turn purple and fall prematurely. According to Mr Fitch, the midge attacks the wild native species as well as the cultivated gooseberry. The gooseberry, when ripe, yields a ﬁne wine by the fermentation of the juice with water and sugar, the result- ing sparkling liquor retaining much of the ﬂavour of the fruit. By similarly treating the juice of the green fruit, picked just before it ripens, an effervescing wine is pro- duced, nearly resembling some kinds of champagne, and, when skilfully prepared, far superior to much of the liquor sold under that name. Brandy has been made from ripe gooseberries by distillation; by exposing the juice with sag-1r to the acetous fermentation a good vinegar may be obtained. The gooseberry, when perfectly ripe, contains a large quantity of sugar, most abundant in the red and amber varieties; in the former it amounts to from 6 to upwards of 8 per cent. The acidity of the fruit is chieﬂy due to malic acid. Several other species of the sub-genus produce edible fruit, though none have as yet been brought under economic cul- ture. Among them may be noticed Ii’. oxyacanthoz'des and 1?. cynosbali, abundant in Canada and the northern parts of the United States, and 12. gracilc, common along the Alleghany range. The group is a widely distributed one, species occurring to the west of the Rocky Mountains, and in Siberia and Japan, while one is said to have been found by recent explorers on the lofty Kilimanjaro, near the lake- sonrces of the Nile.  GOPHER (Testu/Io gopher, Bartr.), the only living representative on the North American continent of the Tcstmlfnillre or family of land tortoises, where it occurs in the south-eastern parts of the United States, from Florida in the south to the river Savannah in the north. Its cara- pace, which is oblong and remarkably compressed, measures from 13 to 14 inches in extreme length, the shields which cover it being grooved, and of a yellow—brown colour. The gopher abounds chieﬂy in the forests, but occasionally visits the open plains, where it does great damage, especially to the potato crops, on which it feeds. It is a nocturnal animal, remaining concealed by day in its deep burrow, and coming forth at night to feed. Its strength in proportion to its size is said to be enormous, it being able, according to Dnmeril and Bibron, to move along comfortably bearing a man on its back. The ﬂesh of the g0plier or mungofa, as it'is also called, is considered excellent eating.  GÖPPINGEN, a town of W'iirtémberg, circle of the Danube, on the right bank of the Fils, 22 miles ESE. of Stuttgart. It possesses an old castle erected by Duke Christopher in the, two evangelical churches, a Roman Catholic chapel, a synagogue, a real school, a classical school, and an ad vanccd school. The manufactures include linen and woollen cloth, leather, glue, paper, machines, and toys. Three miles north of the town are the ruins of the old castle of Hohenstaufen, with the Barbarossa chapel, containing, besides other adornincnts, an old fresco of Frederick Barbarossa dating probably from the. GUppingen originally belonged to the house of Hohenstaufen, and at a later period came into the posses- sion of the counts of Wiirteinberg. It was surrounded by walls in. The population in 1875 was 953:2.  GORAKHPUR, a district of the North-“'cstern Pro- vinces, India, between 26° 50' 15" and 27’ 238' 48" N. hit, and between 83° 7' and 84° 29' E. long, bounded on the N. by the territory of Nepal, on the E. by Clltllllllill‘illl and Saran, on the S. by the Gogra river, and on the W. by Basti and Fyzabad, with an area of 4578 square miles. The (lis- trict lies immediately south of the lower Himalayan slopes, but forms itself a portion of the great alluvial plain. Only a few sandli ills break the monotony of its level surface, which is, however, intersected by numerous rivers studded with lakes and marshes. In the north and centre dense forests abound, and the whole country has a verdant appearance. The principal rivers are the Ptapti, the Gogra, the great and little Gandak, the Kuana, the Rolim, the Aini, and the Gunghi. The tiger is found in the north, and many other wild animals abound throughout the district. The lakes are well stocked with ﬁsh.

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, a municipal city, and the administrative headquarters of Gorakhpur district, Nerth-Western Provinces, in 26° 44' 8" N. lat., and 83° 23’ 4.4" long, on the river Rapti, near the centre of the district. It was