Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/799

Rh 1814 he commenced business as a publisher in Hartford. He visited Europe in 1823–4, and on his return to America removed to Boston, where from 1828 to 1842 he published an illustrated journal, the Taken, to which he was a frequent contributor both in prose and verse. A selection from these contributions was published in 1841 under the title Sketches from a Student’s Window. In the same year he established .llerry’s Museum, which he continued to edit till 1854. In 1827 he commenced, under the name of “ Peter Parley,” his series of books for the young, which, embracing geography, biography, history, science, and miscellaneous tales, num- bered in 1857 as many as 170 volumes, of which about 7,000,000 had been sold, and 300,000 were being sold annually. In 1858 he published Recollections of a Lifetime, which contains a list both of the works of which he was the author and of the spurious works published under his name. By his writings and publications he amassed a large fortune. In 1838 he was chosen a member of the senate of Massa- chusetts, and in 1851 he was appointed consul to Paris, where he remained till 1855, taking advantage of his stay to have several of his works translated into French. After his return to America he published, in 1859, History of the Animal King/clout. He died at New York, May 9, 1860.  GOODSIR, (1814–1867), anatomist, born at Anstruther, Fife, March 20, 1814, was the son of Dr John Goodsir, and grandson of Dr John Goodsir of Largo. He was educated at the burgh and grammar schools of his native place, and at the university of St Andrews. He served an apprenticeship for a short time to Mr Nasmyth, the eminent dentist, but the higher studies of medicine and surgery were more to his liking, and, under the fascinating impulsion of the lectures of Dr Knox, anatomy, descriptive, surgical, and pathological, became his hobby,—the work of Carus giving the ﬁrst impetus to his investigations in deVelopmental anatomy. From his mother he had imbibed a love of art, and his sketches and casts and methodical demonstrations were the admiration of his fellow students. In Dr Knox’s rooms he made the acquaintance of Edward Forbes, the naturalist. Goodsir also worked under N r Syme, Professor Christison, Dr John Macintosh, Professor Robert Jameson, Dr Thomas Hope, and Dr Graham. His earliest scientiﬁc paper was on the snail,—a novel, elaborate, and highly illustrated treatise. In 183511e became a licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh. After aiding Mr N asmyth, he joined his father in practice at Anstruther. Three years later he communicated to the British Associa- tion a paper on the pulps and sacs of the human teeth, his researches on the whole process of dentition being at this time distinguished by their completeness. He had already commenced the formation of a natural history museum, which attracted many visitors,——the habits of animals, from the polype to the ape, possessing an irresistible charm for him. The results of his studies in natural history were laid before the Society of St Andrews, at the request of whose president, Sir D. Brewster, he furnished an account of cilia, reading to the society in 1840 his views on the cephalic termination of the sympathetic nerve. The ich-- thyolites of the Concerres quarry had not escaped him; and we ﬁnd him now foreshowing his diversiﬁed knowledge in essays on the eye of the cephalopodous mollusks, in descrip- tions of his dredging expeditions with Edward Forbes, and in his lectures at Cupar on the conditions of health. On the nomination of Forbes, he was in 1838 elected to the famous coterie called the “Universal Brotherhood of the Friends of Truth,” which comprised artists, scholars, naturalists, and others whose relationship became a potent inﬂuence in science. Goodsir was a noble example of the brotherhood, which sought to bind man to man in ties of home and friendship, love and good will. Goodsir and Forbes worked together at marine zoology, but human anatomy, pathology, and morphology formed Goodsir’s chief study. The connexion of these two men was illustrated in a paper read at the British Association in 1840 on Pelonaz'a, and further researches on the British Ciliogracla. In that year Goodsir became a member of the Wernerian Society, contributing several papers, some jointly with Forbes. Professor Jameson was the president, which may account for the greater part of Goodsir’s studies in comparative anatomy from 1840 to 1847 being imparted to its members. In 1841 he joined the Edinburgh Botanical Society, holding the ofﬁce of secretary from 1842—48, when he was chosen vice-president. In 1840—42 ulcers and abscesses and continued fever, in cases of which he advocated the deple- tive system, occupied his attention. He had associated himself with the Royal Medical Society in 1833, and was in 1841—42 elected the senior president, at the same time becoming president of the Anatomical and Physiological Societies, to which he submitted his studies on the struc- ture of the liver and kidneys. A member of the Royal Physical Society in 1841, he read his papers on the develop- ment of the skeleton in the series of invertebrate animals; in 1840 he was elected president, remaining in ofﬁce till 1852. His own estimate of his work at this period was represented to the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh on his candidature for the post of conservator 'of the museum. He stated that he had. practised every de- partment of preparation and conservation, that he had con- siderable experience in modelling in clay, plaster, and wax, and in the use of microscope and pencil, and that his own collection of preparations in human, comparative, and morbid anatomy exceeded 400 examples. He succeeded Macgillivray in April 1841, giving lectures on the subjects illustrated by the museum. Goodsir rested no small part of his reputation on his knowledge of the anatomy of tissues. In his lectures in the theatre of the college in 1842—43 he evidenced the largeness of his observation of cell-life, both physiologically and pathologically, advocating the importance of the cell as a centre of nutrition, and pointing out that the organism is subdivided into a number of departments. Virchow recognized his indebtedness to these discoveries by dedicating his Cellular Pathologie to Goodsir, as “ one of the earliest and most acute observers of cell-life.” In 1843 Goodsir obtained the post of curator in the university of Edinburgh ; the following year he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy to Professor Monro, and in 1845 curator of the entire museum. He elucidated about this time much that had been obscure in digestion, in parasitic formation and in the secreting structures. He fully conﬁrmed the supposition that cells are the structures which perform the process of secretion, and that the func— tions of nutrition and secretion are essentially alike in their nature. His views on the nucleated cell as the great agent in absorption, nutrition, and secretion are established data in the science of physiology. In 1846 Goodsir was elected to the anatomical chair in the university of Edinburgh, his highest ambition being thus satisﬁed. The same year the Royal Society of London enrolled him as a fellow. All his energies were now devoted to the perfection of the science of anatomy; and his system of teaching was regarded as the best that ever regulated the anatomical department of any British university or medical school. Human myology was his strong point; no one had laboured harder at the dissecting—table ,- and he strongly emphasized the necessity of practice as a means of research. He believed that anatomy, physiology, and pathology could never be properly advanced without daily consideration and treatment of disease. In 1848 he became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, and in the same year he joined the Highland and Agricultural Society, acting as chairman of the veterinary department, and advising on