Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/793

Rh Galle to engrave a set of prints of the history of Lucretia. At the age of twenty-one he married a widow somewhat advanced in years, whose money enabled him to establish at Haarlcm an independent business 5 but his unpleasant rela- tions with her so affected his health that he found it advis- able in to make a tour through Germany to Italy, where he acquired an intense admiration for the works of Michelangelo, which led him to surpass that master in the grotesqueness and extravagance of his designs. He returned to Haarlem considerably improved in health, and laboured there at his art till his death, January 1, 1617. Goltzius ought not to be judged chieﬂy by the works he valued most, his eccentric imitations of Michelangelo. His portraits, though mostly miniatures, are master-pieces of their kind, both on account of their exquisite ﬁnish, and as ﬁne studies of individual character. Of his larger heads, the life-size portrait of himself is probably the most striking example. His “master-pieces,” so called from their being attempts to imitate the style of the old masters, have perhaps been overpraised. In his command of the burin Goltzius is not surpassed even by Diirer, but his technical skill is often unequally aided by higher artistic qualities. Even, how- ever, his eccentricities and extravagances are greatly counter- balanced by the beauty and freedom of his execution. He began painting at the age of forty-two, but none of his works in this branch of art—some of which are in the im- perial collection at Vienna—display any special excellences. He also executed a few pieces in Chiaroscuro. His prints amount to more than 300 plates, and are fully described in Bartsch’s I’eintre—gravem', and ‘Veigel’s supplement to the same work.  GOMARUS, (–1641), professor of theology at Leyden, was born at Bruges on the 30th January. His parents, having embraced the principles of the Reformation, emigrated to the Palatinate in, in order to enjoy freedom to profess their new faith, and they sent their son to be educated at Strasburg under John Sturmius. He remained there three years and then went to Neustadt, whither the professors of Heidelberg had been driven by the elector- palatine because they were not Lutherans. He did not stay long at Neustadt, but crossed to England towards the end of, and entered ﬁrst the university of Oxford, where he attended the lectures of John Raynold, and then the university of Cambridge, where he attended those of William Whitaker. At Cambridge he received his bachelor’s degree in June, and thence proceeded to Heidelberg, where the faculty had been by this time re- established, and continued his studies there for two more. He was called to be minister of a Reformed church in Frankfort in, and laboured there till the congregation was dispersed by the persecution of. In he was appointed professor of theology at Leyden, and before going thither received from the university of Heidelberg the degree of doctor. He taught quietly at Leyden till, when Arminius came to be one of his colleagues in the theological faculty, and began to teach Pelagian doctrines and to create a new party in the uni- versity. Gomarus immediately set himself earnestly to oppose these views, in his classes at college, and wherever he found opportunity. He became the leader of the opponents of Arminius, who from that circumstance came to be known as Gomarists. He engaged twice iu personal disputation with Arminius in the assembly of the estates of Holland in, and was one of ﬁve Gomarists who met ﬁve Arminians or Remonstrants in the same assembly in the following year. On the death of Arminius shortly after this time, Vorstius, who sympathized with his views, was appointed to succeed him, in spite of the keen opposi- tion of Gomarus and his friends; and Gomarus took his defeat so ill that, rather than have such a man for his colleague, he resigned his post, and went to Middleburg in 1611, where he became minister of a congregation and gave public lectures. From this place he was called to a chair of theology at Saumur, where he remained four years, and then accepted a call as professor of theology and Hebrew to Groningen, where he stayed till his death on 11th January 1641. He took a leading part in the synod of Dort, assembled in 1618 to judge of the doctrines of Arminius. He was a man of ability, enthusiasm, and learning, a considerable Oriental scholar, and also a keen controversialist. He took part in the translation of the Old Testament into Dutch in 1633, and after his death a book by him called the Lyra Davide's was published, which sought to explain the principles of Hebrew metre, and which created some controversy at the time, having been opposed by Louis Capel. His works were collected and published in one volume folio, in Amsterdam in 1645.  GOMBROON, another name for (q.v.).  GOMER, the eldest son of Japhet (Gen. x. 2), and an ally of Gog (Ezek. xxxviii. 6), has usually, since Calmet’s time, been identiﬁed with those Cimmerii who, originally inhabiting the districts to the N.E. and N. of the Black Sea and Sea of Azoﬂ', at an early period began to penetrate as far as to Asia Minor, and in the overran Lydia, though without leaving permanent traces of their presence. This identiﬁcation, however, is to be met with in none of the older writers. Josephus understands the Galatians of northern Phrygia to be intended; and Gimmeri or Gamir was, in the language of the ancient Armenians, a usual designation for their neighbours the Cappadocians (see Dillmann on Gen. x. 2 ; whose authority is Kephalion, in the Armenian version of the C'lu‘o'nica of Eusebius, ed. Aucher). It is not impossible that an intimate ethnological connexion between the Cappadocians of Kephalion and the Cimmerians of Homer may ultimately be established ; but meanwhile it is important to observe that the three sons of Gomer, as named in Gen. x. 2, admit of a tolerably deﬁnite localization. Ashkenaz, who has sometimes been identiﬁed with the Germans, is almost certainly the same as the Ascanians, a very ancient tribe of northern Phrygia (cf. Strabo, xii. 4, 5, sqq., and note the juxtaposition in J er. Ii. 27). Riphath has nothing to do with the Rhipaean mountains, with the Carpathians, or with Niphates, but, as Josephus has pointed out, is to be identiﬁed with Paphlagonia; as Bochart has shown, the name probably sur- vives in ‘Pwﬁﬂas, the designation of a river in Bithynia, and in ‘Pnﬂavn’a, a district situated on the Thracian Bosphorus. Although Togarmah is by Josephus interpreted as equi- valent to Phrygia, there is a considerable amount of ancient testimony in favour of its identiﬁcation with Armenia. It is possible that the same root is actually at the basis of the two words ; at all events the connexion is assumed in the account which the Armenians themselves give of their legendary history.  GONDA, a district of Oudh, lying between 26° 46' and 27° 50’ N. lat., and between 81° 35' and 82° 48’ E. long., bounded on the N. by the lower range of the Himalayas, on the E. by Basti district, on the S. by Fyzabad and Bara Banki, and on the \V. by Bharaich, and having an area of 2824 square miles. Gouda presents the aspect of a vast plain with very slight undulations, studded with groves of mango trees. The surface consists of a rich alluvial deposit which is naturally divided into three great belts known as the (anti or swampy tract, the uparlzdr or uplands, and the tarkcir or wet low- lands, all three being marvellously fertile. Several rivers ﬂow through the district, but only two, the Gogra and Rapti, are of any commercial importance, the ﬁrst being navigable throughout the year, and the latter during the rainy season. The country is dotted over {with small lakes, 