Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/762

738 referred to. The most important of Goctz's posthumous works are a setting of the 137th Psalm for soprano solo, chorus, and orchestra, a “ Spring” overture (0p. 15), and a pianoforte sonata for four hands (Op. 17).  GOG (1'13) occurs in two passages of Scripture (Ezek. xxxviii.—xxxix., and Rev. xx.) as the name of a great anti- theocratic power destined to manifest itself in the world immediately before the ﬁnal dispensation is ushered in. In the later passage, Gog and )Iagog are spoken of as co- ordinate; in the earlier, Gog is given as the name of the person or people, and Magog as that of the land of its origin. Notwithstanding this discrepancy, it is obvious that the passages are intimately related, and that both depend upon Gen. x. 2, where, however, Magog alone is mentioned. Here he is the second son of J aphet, and, on the assumption that a geographical order uuderlies these ethnographical tables, his locality is to be sought between Gomer and )Iadai or Media. According to Josephus, who is followed by Jerome, the Scythians were primarily intended by this designation ; and this opinion has been almost universally accepted in modern times. The name Emilia“ it is to be observed, however, is often but a vague word for any or all of the numerous and but partially known tribes of the north; and any attempt to assign a more deﬁnite locality to )Iagog can only be very hesitatingly made. According to some, the Maiotes about the Palus )Iznotis are meant; according to others, the Massagetae ; according to Kiepert, the inhabitants of the northern and eastern parts of Armenia. In Ezekiel, Gog is regarded as a terrible ruler in the extreme north, being prince of Rosh, Mesech, and Tubal, as well as governor in the land of Magog, and having the support of Persia, Ethiopia, and Phut, as well as of Gomer and the house of Togarmah. It may be considered as certain that the imagery employed in this prophetic description was suggested by the Scythian invasion which about the time of Josiah had devastated Asia (Herod. i. 103 if). As might have been expected from the prominence given to that description in the Old Testament, Gog ﬁgures largely in Jewish and Mahometan as well as Christian eschatology. In the district of Astrakhan a legend is still to be met with, to the effect that Gog and Magog were two great races, which Alexander the Great subdued and banished to the inmost recesses of the Caucasus, where they are meanwhile kept in by the terror of twelve trumpets blown by the winds, but whence they are destined ulti- mately to make their escape and destroy the world. The legends that attach themselves to the efﬁgies of Gog and Magog which are at present to be seen in Guild Hall, London, are only remotely connected, if at all, with the statements of Scripture. According to the It’ecug/ell dcs Ilz'stoires dc Troye, Gog and Magog were the survivors of a race of giants descended from the thirty—three wicked daughters of Diocletian; after their brethren had been slain by Brute and his companions, Gog and Magog were brought to London (Troy-novant), and compelled to ofﬁciate as porters at the gate of the royal palace. It is known that effigies similar to the present existed in London as early as the time of Henry V. ; but it is uncertain at what date this legend ﬁrst began to attach to them. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth (Chronicles, 1'. 16), Goe'mot or Goémagot (either corrupted from or corrupted into “ Gog and Magog”) was a giant who, along with his brother Corineus, tyranuized in the western horn of England until slain by foreign invaders.  GOGO, or, a town in Ahmadabad district, Bombay, 193 miles north-west of Bombay. About three- quarters of a mile east of the town is an excellent anchorage, in some measure sheltered by the island of l’erim, which lies still further east. The natives of this are reckoned the best sailors in India 5 and ships touching here may procure water and supplies, or repair damages. It is a safe refuge during the south-west monsoon, or for vessels that have parted from their anchors in the Surat roads, the bottom being an entire bed of mud, three-quarters of a mile from the shore, and the water always smooth. Gogo has of late years lost its commercial importance. Its rival, Bhaunagar, is 8 miles nearer to the cotton districts. North of the town is a black salt marsh, extending to the Bhannagar creek. On the other sides is undulating cultivated land, sloping to the range of hills 12 miles off. South of the town there is another salt marsh. The land in the neighbourhood is inundated at high spring tides, which renders it necessary to bring fresh water from a distance of 4 or 5 miles. The average annual value of the exports for ﬁve years ending 187143 was £56,227 and of the imports £103,083. Population (1872), 9571.  GOGOL, (1809–1852), was born in the province of Poltava, in South Russia, March 31, 1809. Educated at the Niejin gymnasium, he there started a manuscript periodical, “The Star,” and wrote several pieces including a tragedy, The Brigands. Having com- pleted his course at Niejin, he went in 1829 to St Peters— burg, where he tried the stage but failed. N ext year he obtained a clerkship in the department of appanages, but he soon gave it up. In literature, however, he found his true vocation. In 1829 he published anonymously a poem called Italy, and, under the pseudonym of V. Alof, an idyll, [Inns K'uclcel Gm'tm, which he had written while still at Niejin. The idyll was so ridiculed by a reviewer that its author bought up all the copies he could secure, and burnt them in a room which he hired for the purpose at an inn. Gogol then fell back upon South Russian popular literature, and especially the tales of Cossackdom on which his boyish fancy had been nursed, his father having occupied the post of “ regimental secretary,” one of the honorary oﬂicials in the Zaporogian Cossack forces. In 1830 he published in a periodical the ﬁrst of the stories which appeared next year under the title of Evenings in a Farm near Dil‘nnl'a .- by Rudy Paulo. This work, containing a series of attrac- tive pictures of that Little-Russian life which lends itself to romance more readily than does the monotony of "' Great- Russian ” existence, immediately obtained a great success,— it-s light and colour, its freshness and originality, being hailed with enthusiasm by the principal writers of the day in Russia. Wherenpon Gogol planned, not only a history of Little—Russia, but also one of the Middle Ages, to be completed in eight or nine volumes. This plan he did not carry out, though it led to his being appointed to a profes- sorship in the university of St Pctersburg, a post in which he met with small success, and which he resigned in 1835. Meanwhile he had published his Arabemues, a collection of essays and stories; his Tm'as Bulba, the chief of the Cossack Tales translated into English by George Tolstoy; and a number of novelettes, which mark his transition from the romantic to the realistic school of ﬁction, such as the admirable sketch of the tranquil life led in a quiet country house by two kindly specimens of Old-world Gcizthlbll-s, or the description of the petty miseries endured by an ill—paid clerk in a Government office, the great object of whose life is to secure the “cloak” from which his story takes its name. To the same period belongs his celebrated comedy, the Beaker, or Government Inspector. His aim in writing it was to drag into light “all that was bad in Russia,” and to hold it up to contempt. And he succeeded in rendering contemptible and ludicrous the ofﬁcial life of Russia, the corruption universally prevailing throughout the civil service, the alternate arrogance and servility of men in ofﬁce. The plot of the comedy is very simple. A traveller who arrives with an empty purse at a provincial town is taken for an