Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/708

686 GLOSS, GLOSSOGRAPHER, GLOSSARY, GLOSSATOR. The Greek word yAﬁio'aa, meaning originally a tongue, hence a. language or dialect, gradually came to denote especially any obsolete, foreign, provincial, technical, or other- wise peculiar word or use of a word (see Arist., Rhet. iii. 3, 2); and the making of collections and explanations of such ‘ydxibovat was at a comparatively early date a well-recognized form of literary activity. Even in the 5th century, among the many writings of Democritus of Abdera was included a treatise entitled Hepi. ‘Opripov i) 6p00£7rd779 Kai. yAmacre’on'. It was not, however, until the Alexandrian period that the 'yAmO'O'oyprigbOL became very numerous. Of many of these it is probable that even the names have perished; but in the writings of Athenaeus alone (c.) allusions are to be found to no fewer than thirty-five. Among the earliest may be mentioned Philetas of Cos (d. c.), the elegiac poet, to whom Aristarchus dedicated the treatise 1rp69<IJLM-r&v; he was the compiler of a lexicographical work, arranged probably according to subjects, and entitled "AraK-ra or I‘M‘maac (sometimes 5mm. yM‘Jo'aaz). Next came his dis- ciple Zenodotus of Ephesus (c.), one of the earliest of the Homeric critics and the compiler of I‘Mbao'at'O/mpmac'; Zenodotus in turn was succeeded by his greater pupil Aristo- phanes of Byzantium (c.), whose great compilation repl Aéﬁemv (still partially preserved in that of Pollux), is known to have included 'A‘r-rLKal Ae'feis, AaKmmKal yMGO'O'aL, and the like. From the school of Aristophanes issued more than one glossographer of name, Diodorus, Artemidorus ('yACJO'O'aL, and a collection of Ae'gas dipapTLITLKaL'), Nicander Of Colophon (yAGao-at, of which some twenty-six fragments still survive), and Aristarchus, the famous critic, whose numerous labours' included an arrangment of the Homeric vocabulary (Mg-2L9) in the order of the books. Contemporary with the last named was Crates of Mallos, who, besides making some new contributions to Greek lexicography and dialectology, was the ﬁrst to create at Rome a taste for similar investigations in connexion with the Latin idioms. From his school proceeded Zenodotus of Mallos, the compiler of ’Edvmal Ae’éeiq or yNBaaaL, a work said to have been designed chieﬂy to support the views of the school of Pergamus as to the allegorical interpretation of Homer. Of later date were Didymus (Chalkenteros, c.), who made collections of Aéfcls rpaymSovpe’vai, KwMLKaL’, &c.,- Apollonius Sophista (c.), whose Homeric Lexicon has come down to modern times; and Neoptolemus, known distinctively as 6 yAwaaoypd¢0$ Coming down to the of the we ﬁnd Apion, a gram- marian and rhetorician at Rome during the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius, following up the labours of Aristarchus and other predecessors with yMiaaaL 'Omlptxai’, and a treatise mp2 1739 ‘Pwlua'im'js 8La)\e'K-rov ; Heliodorus or Herodorus was another almost contemporary glossographer ; Erotian also, during the reign of Nero, prepared a special glossary for the writings of Hippocrates, still preserved. To this period also Pamphilus, the author of the Aapo'w, from which Diogenian and Julius Vestinus afterwards drew so largely, most probably belonged. In the one of the most prominent workers in this department of literature was fElius Herodianus, whose treatise wept Movﬁpovs Aéfews has been edited in modern times, and whose c’mpepwpoi’ we still possess in an abridgment; other names are those of Pollux, of Diogenian (Ae’éig wawoSamj), of Julius Vestinus (e’m‘roiu‘) 76v Hapdn’on yAwO'adw), and especially that of Phrynichus, who ﬂourished. His Erloyce nomimnm et z'erborum Atlicorum has frequently been edited. To the belongs Ammonius of Alexandria (c.), who wrote 7T€pi 5,“)sz Kai 8ta¢o’pmv Ac'éeuw, a dictionary of words used in senses different from those in which they had been employed by older and approved writers. Of somewhat later date is the well-known Ilesychius, whose often-edited Aeémdv rightly superseded all previous works of the kind; Cyril. the celebrated patriarch of Alexandria, also contributed somewhat to the advancement of glossogmphy by his avya'ywyi) 7631/ Trpoq 8wi¢>opov Unpaot'ay 8m¢opw9 Tor/orpz'vctv Aéﬁemv ; the names of Orus and Orion, of I’hiloxcnus, and of the two Philemons also belong to this period. The works of Photius, Suidas, and Zonaras, as also the Iz'lynzologicum .llagnzun, to which might be added the Lew-ca Sanger- mansia and the Lexica Seguerimm, have already been referred to. In Latin lexi- cology the most prominent name is that of Festus, whose only extant work, however, is but an epitome of the tl'Cﬂll.~L‘ of Verrius Flaccus De Verbormn Sigma/mm. This last-named author had himself been preceded by Varro (III Ling/2m Latina), who in turn makes allusion to several before him “ qui glossas scripserunt.” The introduction of granimatical and linguistic studies into Ilome is usuallyattributed to Crates of Mallos (c.) mentioned above. To a special category of technical glossaries belongs a large and important class of works relating to the law-compilations of Justinian. Although the emperor forbade under severe penalties all commentaries (bropmjpam) on his legislation (C'onst. Deo Auctore, sec. 1'2 ; Coast. Tania, sec. 21), yet indices (“Ii/Sixes) and references (napdn-rAa), as well as translations (éppﬂllel’at KaTt‘L 7:680.) and paraphrases (éppnva’ai e29 wAdTos), were expressly permitted, and lavishly produced. Among the numerous compilers of alphabetically arranged Ae’gus ‘Pwpa‘ixac’ or Aaramxai’, and yAéBaaaL vomva (Glossae nomicae), Cyril and Philoxenus are particularly noted; but the authors of Trapa'ypagbatl, or animations, whether é’fweev 01‘ 3019ch Mineral, are too numerous to mention. A collection of these Trapaypacpaf raw wakau’iw, combined with velar. Trapa'ypacpac' 011 the revised code called 11‘; ﬂaotALKd, was made about the by a disciple of Michael Hagiotheodorita. This work is known as the Glossa rdimn'ia 16w ﬁxadkmhv. In Italy also, during the period of the Byzantine ascencency, various glossae (glosze) and scholia on the Justinian code were produced, particularly the Turin gloss (reprinted by Savigny), to which, apart from later additions, a date prior to is usually assigned. After the total extinction of the Byzantine authority in the West the study of law became one of the free arts, and numerous schools for its cultivation were instituted. Among the earliest of these was that of Bologna, where Pepo and Irnerius (–) began to give their expositions. They had a numerous following, who, besides delivering exegetical lectures (“ ordinarize ” on the Digest and Code, “ extraordi- narize ” on the rest of the Corpus J urz's Cirilis), also wrote (llossze, ﬁrst interlinear, afterwards marginal. The series of these glossators was closed by Accursius (see ) with the compilation known as the Glossa ordz'naria or magis- tralis, the authority of which soon became very great, so that ultimately it came to be a recognized maxim, “Quod non agnoscit glossa, non agnoscit curia.” For some