Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/703

Rh GLOBE The next globe tl1at demands attention is the famous one made at B-amberg in 1520 by Jol1ann Schiiner, at the cost and charges of his friend Johann Sayler. It was afterwards taken to Nuremberg by Schiiner, where it is still preserved in the town library. The importance attached to this globe is that hitherto it has always been regarded as the ﬁrst of its kind to portray the discoveries in the New World, in combination with the notions that had previously prevailed of the space intervening between Europe and Africa on one side, and the eastern ends of Asia on the other. Schijner in this globe breaks up America into as many islands as possible. Thus North America is shown as one large island. He also represents South America as a large island, to which he applies several names, among which we observe, for the first time on a globe, the name "' -merica.” North America was not comprised under the name until a later date. Sch6ner’s globe indicates two great series of North American discoveries, of which one, ._ commencing with the Cabots in 1497, extended by degrees ti Canada and Nova Scotra, while the other, commencing with Columbus in 1-192, advanced from the Bahamas slowly (381 northwards to Virginia and New England. Between these two points there remained a region more or less known which on this globe is indicated by open water. In depicting the east coast of Asia and the many islands there, including Japan and Java-major, the author follows the globe of Behaim. By some it has been regarded as a new edition of Behaim. There are in Germany several globes which depict the world nearly in the same manner as Schi3ner’s. One, preserved in the city of Frankfort, bearing the same date (1520), is about 10% inches in diameter, and has been reproduced by M. J omard in his Jllomnnenls de la G'éographz'e, pl. 15 and 16. There is also another in the library of the grand—duke of Weimar. As all these globes give to North and South America the con- ﬁguration they have in Schiiner, Humboldt was of opinion that they all are, with respect to America, copies of an older chart “ hidden perhaps in the archives of Italy or Spain.” There is at Nancy a terrestrial globe which is also a geographical curiosity. It is of chased silver gilt, about 6 inches in diameter; the land portions are represented in ﬁne gilding, the water by azure blue enamel. One of the "-’ "' ‘-‘!n1 ‘ ‘Tl FIG. ‘.’..—Lenox Globe. hemispheres opens outwards horizontally, the interior being also gilt. It formerly served the purpose of a pyx on the altar of the church of Notre-Dame—de-Sion, to which church it was offered by Charles IV., duke of Lorraine, on his re- turn in 1663. It is now preserved in the town library. It has all the appearance of having been made at a period irnmerliately following the execution of the curious heart- sl1'1.ped map by Oronce Finé of 1531, found in the Paris edition of Grynzeus, 1532. In this map and the globe at Nancy we ﬁnd the New World still regarded as an exten- sion of eastern Asia or the Indies, the geography of Marco Polo being apparently mixed up with that of Cortez in Mexico. A stereographic projection of this globe was pub- lishe-:l in Jlem. de la Soc. I303/. de ..Van.c_r/, vol. viii., 1836. There is another globe somewhat larger than the preced- ing, made of copper engraved, known as the De Bure globe. It has no date, but its geographical features in the main bear a close resemblance to the globe at Nancy. It is supposed to be of Spanish origin. It is preserved in the Bib. N at. de Paris, Section Géographique, No. 427. In the same section, No. 394, is preserved the Ecuy globe, made of brass. The word “Rhotomagi” (Rouen) is appended to the title, whence it seems to be of F rench origin. We have on this globe the ﬁrst indications of a separation between East Asia and North America. The date appears to be about 1540. In 1541 the illustrious Gerard Mercator constructed and published at Louvain a terrestrial globe, and in 1551 a. companion celestial globe.‘ These are without doubt the most important monuments of the kind of the 16th century. They were to be found in nearly all the universities and libraries of Europe, in the private libraries of the rich, and the class—roo1n of the teacher of navigation. We also know from Blundeville’s Eu:ercz'ses that up to the date of 1592 they were in common use in England. Six pairs at least of these globes were sold for Mercator by Camerarius of Nuremberg; others we know were sold at the book—fairs of F rankfort-on-the-Main; and Mercator himself presented one pair to the university of Louvain, of which he was a student and a master of arts. Yet only two sets of the original globes are known now to exist in Europe—one in the royal library at Brussels, discovered in 1868, the 1 At a later period Mercator also made for Charles V. a pair of globes, the terrestrial one of wood, the celestial one of glass; these were destroyed in the subsequent troubles in the Low Cvountn-as. X.--86