Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/700

678 former town. It is the seat of a royal mining board, a pro- vincial court of justice, and a tax office. It possesses one Protestant and tvo Catholic churches, a synagogue, a g 'mnasium, a school of industry, two female schools of a higher grade, a convent, a hospital, an inﬁrmary, two orphanages, and a barracks. Gleiwitz is the centre of the iron industry of Upper Silesia. Besides the royal foundry, with which are connected machine manufactories and boiler- works, there are other two foundries, meal mills, and 1nanu- factories of wire, gaspipes, cement, and paper. The popu- lation in 1875 was 14,156.  GLENDOWER, or,, the last native who assumed the title of Prince of Wales, and the leader of the only formidable attempt made by the Welsh to re- gain their freedom, after they had been subjugated by Edward I., was born most probably at Glyndwrdy in Mont- gomeryshire, whence his name, about. He was the son of Grutfydd Vychan, sprung from the lords of Bromﬁeld, an:l through his mother he claimed descent from a daughter of Llywelyn, the last crowned prince of Wales. He was entered a member of one of the inns of court, and brought up to the profession of the law, but he does not seem to have practised. In, in the great dispute between the Grosvenors and the Scropes as to their right to bear a certain coat of arms, he was a witness for Grosvenor—-one of the witnesses for Serope being the poet Chaucer. He found his way to court, where he became a favourite with King Richard, and was made an esquire of his body. When Richard went to Ireland Owen accompanied him, as he did also on his return to Wales. He was present when Richard placed himself in the hands of the treacherous N orthumberland, and at Flint, where his deposition was decided upon. Ow-en thereupon retired into private life. He had the mis- fortune to have for a neighbour Reginald de Grey, earl of Ruthin ; and between him and De Grey a feud existed, occasioned by a dispute about a piece of waste land. In the time of Richard, Owen was successful in a lawsuit ,' ' but no sooner was the king deposed than De Grey took forcible possession of the land. Owen in vain appealed to parliament, although the bishop of St Asaph entreated them to grant his request, and warned them that if they did not, Wales would rise in rebellion; and a little later Henry IV., on the ground that Owen, as a crown tenant, had neglected to join an expedition to Scotland (while the fact was that the summons, which had been entrusted to De Grey to give to Owen, was not delivered until it was too late), declared a forfeiture of his land held of the crown, and granted some of it to De Grey. With armed retainers De Grey took possession ; but Owen mustered his followers, and after regaining his own, devastated the lands of De Grey. Henry took De Grey’s part, and Owen set both at deﬁance. On the 20th September Owen struck the first blow for the freedom of his country at Ruthiu, where a fair was being held. The town was burnt down. During and the Owen steadily added to his strength, and the king, although he thrice invaded Wales at the head of a large army, failed to get at the enemy, who retired to the mountain fastnesses. This, and the stormy weather which the English seem to have invariably experienced, so awed them that they thought the Welsh chieftain was allied with the powers of darkness. Harsh laws were enacted against the Welsh, who thereby were only the more goadcrl to re- bellion. The lord-marchers sided with the king, and Sir Edward Mortimer, uncle of the earl of March, gave Owen battle at Brynglas in Radnorshirc, on June 22,. 1100 Herefordshire men were left dead on the ﬁeld, and Mortimer himself was made prisoner. It was at this battle that the Welsh women were guilty, as Shakespeare says, of inhuman conduct to the dead. This so alarmed the king that he invaded Wales in the autumn with three armies, but nothing came of it. At a parliament held at Machynlleth, at the close of this year, Owen was formally proclaimed Prince of Wales. About this time it was that the first steps were taken which secured the league between Owen, Mortimer, and Perry. Early in Prince Henry— Falstatf"s Hal—wa.s appointed lieutenant of the king in Wales. He led an army into North Wales and destroyed Owen’s residences, “and laid waste a ﬁne and populous country.” The next great event was the battle of Shrewsbury, at which Percy was defeated. Glcndowcr has been accused of having neglected aid to his ally at this battle, but letters recently discovered exonerate him from blame in this respect, as he was elsewhere at the time. Meanwhile Owcn was committing terrible ravages in the districts under the sway of the marchers, or where Norman CﬂStlC‘.‘ overawed the natives; and in he sent ambassadors— his chancellor Griflith Young, and his brother-in-law John Hamner—--to Charles of France, who entered into treaty to aid Owen. In pursuance of this treaty a large force, under the command of H ugu.evillc, landed at Milford Haven at the end of July . But meanwhile Owen had sustained two crushing defeats from the army under Prince Henry, the first at Grosmont in Monmouthshire on the 11th March, and the second at Mynyddpwllmelin in Brccknockshire four days later. Still he was able to muster a fcrce to join the French contingent, and with them he pushed on to the neighbourhood of Worcester, where the king met them but did not ﬁght, and the French returned home. Owen’s power appears to have suffered irrevocably at the defeats of the spring. For years afterwards he carried on a desultory warfare, but defections from his ranks so weakened his power that he was no longer the dangerous enemy he had been. But he never submitted. In July —ﬁfteen years after the first outbreak—the king, now Henry V., authorizes Sir Gilbert Talbot to treat with Owen, and to offer him and his followers free pardon, “in case they should desire it.” A similar offer was made in February . His death is believed to have taken place at the house of one of his daughters in Momnouthshire, but there is no certainty as to either the date or the place of his death.  GLEYRE, (1806–1874), a celebrated French painter, was of Swiss origin, having been born at Chevilly in the canton of Vaud, May 2, 1806. Ills father died, and then his mother, while he was yet a boy of some eight or nine years of age; and he was brought up by an uncle at Lyons, who sent him to the industrial school of that city. Going up to Paris a lad of seventeen or nineteen, he spent four years in close artistic study— in IIersent’s studio, in Suisse’s academy, in the galleries of the Louvre. To this period of laborious application sue- ceeded four years of meditative inactivity in Italy, where he became acquainted-with IIoracc Vernet and Leopold Robert; and six years more were consumed in adventurous wanderings in Greece, Egypt, Nubia, and Syria. At Cairo he was attacked with ophthalmia, and in the Lebanon he was struck down by fever; and he returned to Lyons in shattered health. On his recovery he proceeded to Paris, and, ﬁxing his modest studio in the Rue de Univcrsitc'-, began carefully to work out the conceptions which had been slowly shaping themselves in his mind. Mention is made of two decorative panels-—Diana leaving the Bath, and a Young Nubian—as almost the first fruits of his genius ; but these did not attract public attention till long after, and the paint- ing by which he practieally opened his artistic career was the Apocalyptic Vision of St Jolm, sent to the Salon of 1840. This was followed in 1843 by Evening, which at the time received a medal of the second class, and afterwards became widely popular under the title of the Lost