Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/653

Rh a thick mucous or sanguineous ﬂuid. Besides these there are larger swellings lying deeper in the subcutaneous tissue, which at ﬁrst are extremelyhard and painful, and to which the term farcy “buds” or “buttons” is applied. These ultimately open and become extensive sloughing ulcers. The mucous membranes participate in the same lesions as are present in the skin, and this is particularly the case with the interior of the nose, where indeed, in many instances, the disease ﬁrst of all shows itself. This organ becomes greatly swollen and inﬂamed, while from one or both nostrils there exudes a copious discharge of highly offensive purulent or sanguineous matter. Thelining mem— brane of the nostrils is covered with papules similar in character to those on the skin, which form ulcers, and may lead to the destruction of the cartilaginous and bony textures of the nose. The diseased action extends into the throat, mouth, and eyes, while the 'whole face becomes swollen aml erysipclatous, and the lymphatic glands under the jaws inflame and snppurate. Net unfrequently the bronchial tubes become affected, and cough attended with cxpcctoration of matter similar to that discharged from the nose is the consequence. The general constitutional symptoms are exceedingly severe, and advance with great rapidity, the patient passing into a state of extreme pros— tratiou. In the acute form of the disease recovery rarely if ever occurs, and the case generally terminates fatally in a period varying from two or three days to as many weeks. A chronic form of glanders and farcy is occasionally met with, in which the symptoms, although essentially the same as those above deSCi'ibed, advance much more slowly, and are attended with relatively less urgent constitutional dis- turbance. Cases of recovery from this form are 011 record; but in general the disease ultimately proves fatal by exhaus- tion of the patient, or by a sudden supervention, which is apt to occur, of the acute form. On the other hand, acute glanders is never observed to become chronic. In the treatment of this malady the main reliance is to be placed 011 the maintenance of the patient’s strength by strong nourishment and tonic remedies. If the point of inoculation of the virus can be early made out, its active cautcrization, as in the case of any poisoned wound, should be resorted to. The opening of abscesses autiseptically, as well as the use of antiseptic lotions for the affected mucous membranes, is recommended. In all cases of the outbreak of glanders it of the utmost consequence to prevent the spread of the disease by the destruction of affected animals, and the cleansing and disinfection of infected localities.  GLANVIL,, or , (died ), the oldest writer on English jurisprudence and chief justiciary of England in the reign of Henry II., was born at Stratford in Suffolk, but in what year is unknown. There is also almost no information regarding his early life. Butterley Abbey was founded by him in. In , along with other barons of Yorkshire. he raised a body of knights to oppose William the Lion, king of Scotland, who had invaded the north of England, and it was he who took the king prisoner at Alnwick. In he was appointed sheriff of Yorkshire, in justice of the king’s court and a justice itinerant in the northern circuit, and in chief just-iciary of all England. It was under his direction that Henry II. completed his judicial reforms, but the principal of them had been carried out before he came into office. After the death of Henry in Glanvil was removed from his ofﬁce by Richard 1., and imprisoned till he had paid a ransom, according to one authority, of £15,000. Shortly after obtaining his freedom he joined the order of the cross, and he died at the siege of Acre in. At the instance, it is supposed, of Henry II., Glanvil wrote or superintended the writing of the T’ractatus Ie lejibus 6t consuctmlinilms regni .Anglice, which is divided into 11 books, and is chieﬂy a practical treatise on the forms of procedure in the cnrin ref/is or king’s court, the principles of law involved in these forms being only incident- ally referred to. As the source of our knowledge regarding the earliest form of the atria magic, and for the information it affords regarding ancient customs and laws, it is of great value to the student of English history. It is now generally agreed that the work of Glanvil is of earlier date than the Itegiain alfcg'estatem, a work which bears a close resemblance to his. To him is also ascribed the recension of English laws made in the reign of Henry II.

1em  GLANVILL, or, (1636–1680), was born at Plymouth in 1636, and was educated at Oxford uni- versity, where he graduated as M.A. in 1658. In 1666 he obtained the cure of Abbey Church at Bath ; in 1678 he became prebendary of the church of W'orcester, and acted as chaplain in ordinary to Charles II. He died at Bath, November 16, 1680, in the forty-fourth year of his age. Glanvill’s ﬁrst work, The Vanity of Dogmatizing, 07' Con- ﬁdence in Opinions, manifested in a. Discourse of the shortness and uncertainty of our Knowledge, and its Causes, u'ith lie/lemons on Peripatcticism, and an Apologyfor Philosophy, 1661, is interesting as showing one special direction in which the new method of the Cartesian philosophy might be developed. Pascal had already shown how philosophical scepticism might be employed as a bulwark for faith, and Glanvill follows in the same track. The philosophic endeavour to cognize the whole system of things by refer- ring all events to their causes appears to him to be from the outset doomed to failure. For if we inquire into this causal relation we ﬁnd that though we know isolated facts, we can- not perceive any such connexion between them as that the one should give rise to the other. In the words of Hume, “they seem conjoined but never connected.” All causes then are but secondary, are merely the occasions on which the one ﬁrst cause operates. It is singular enough that Glanvill who had not only shown, but even exaggerated, the inﬁrmity of human reason, himself paid a strange tribute to its weakness ,- for, after having combated scientiﬁc dogmatism, he not only yielded to vulgar superstitions, but actually endeavoured to accredit them both in his Scepsis ib'cientifica, 1665, and in his Philosophical Considerations concerning the zcxistence of Sorcerers and Sorcery, published in 1666, in 4to. The story of the pretended drum, which was said to have been heard every night in the house of an inhabitant of Wiltshire (Mr Mompesson), a story which made much noise in the year 1663, and which is supposed to have furnished Addison with the idea of his comedy of the Drummer, appears to have given occasion to the latter work. At his death Glanvill left a piece entitled iS'aclducismus Trium- phatus, which was printed in 1681, reprinted with some additions in 1682, and translated into German in 1701. He had there collected twenty-six relations or stories of the same description as that of the drum, in order to establish, by a series of facts, the opinion which he had expressed in his Philosophical Considerations. Glanvill supported a much more honourable cause when he undertook the defence of the Royal Society of London, under the title of Plus Ultra, or the Progress and Advancement of Science since the time ofAristotle, 1658, a work which shows how thoroughly he was imbued with the ideas of the empirical method as in Bacon. The style of Glanvill is clear, easy, and animated ; and to the student of philosophy his works are of considerable interest.