Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/652

634 61:37; Major Vaughan Lee, 6128: Mrs lllandy Jenkins, 6082; Col. K. Tyute, 5933; Sir Ivor B. Guest, 5640; T. Penriee, 5411 ; Mrs Chetwode, 5399; 1}. l". L. Jenner, 5381 ; C. Bailey, 5343; John 1). Llewellyn, 5000. The in lustry of Glamorgan is chiefly applied to its Coal and iron mines, which practically underlie the whole super- ficies of the county, and give it its pro-eminence among Welsh counties. In 1872 there were no less than 420 coal- pits in Monmouthshire and South Wales, and the yield of some 15 million tons a year came in very large proportion from the Glamorganshire vales of Neath, Taff, lthondda, Ely, the. Within the last twenty years the iron works were carried on at an enormous scale of labour and enterprise, there being near )[erthyr-Tydvil alone upwards of 60 blast furnaces; but in 1873 it appeared that of 57 furnaces in Glamorganshire 27 were out of blast, and at present (1879) the industry is, from various causes, in a backward state. Excellent means of export for coal and iron are afforded by the unrivalled docks at Cardiff, the enterprise of the late and present marquis of Bute, and by those also at Penarth at the mouth of the Ely. These have within con- siderably less than a century transformed an insigniﬁcant \Velsh town into a leading port and emporium with a first rate harbour and anchorage ; whilst another dock at Swan- sea serves a like purpose for the export of the copper ore smelted at Swansea, Neath, Aberavon. and Treforest, and chiefly sold at public ticketings in the ﬁrst-named town. Cardiff and Swansea, especially the latter, also have a very large export trade in patent compressed fuel prepared from culm and tar. Glamorgan can boast historic ruins, such as Caerphilly, and Castle Coch near Llandaff, the former a Norman for- tress held for Edward II. by the younger De Spencer, the latter an early English fortress on an escarpment of moun- tain limestone. Other ruined castles are Oystermouth and Pennard in Gower, and Coity near Bridgend; while as restored castles, resided in by their present owners, are Cardiff, the residence of the marquis of Bute, St Fagan’s, near Ely station, and St Donat’s and Dunraven, both on the verge of the Bristol Channel. The county has some ﬁne cromlechs at St Nicholas and St Lythan’s on the Dyffrin estate, at Cotterell near l’eterston, and at Arthur’s Stone in frower. The Sam Helen, an ancient road, traverses the county. At Llantwit Major, near Cowbridge, was the once famous divinity school founded by St Germanus, and pre- sided over for an incredible term of years by St Iltyd. Every stone in this old—world town is “ of old memorial.” Coity, Coychurch, and Ewcnny, near Bridgend, present a ﬁne trio of cross churches, with fortiﬁed or embattled towers, characteristic of the county. South of Swansea lies the promontory of Gower, famed for the beauty of its coast scenery, its people of Flemish descent, planted here by Henry I., and its bone-caves. The last, in the limestone cliffs, accessible only at low water, are at Bacon Hole, Paviland, and Rhosilly Bay. Besides its ports, Glamorgan has abundant means of transit in four railways and a canal, beside numerous tram- ways. It contains 128 parishes and 10 hundreds, and is in the dioceses of Llandaff and St David’s. Llandaff cathedral, 2 miles from the county town of Cardiff, having fallen into decay through the neglect of ages previous to 1844, owed its restoration to a. beauty beﬁtting the prestige of the earliest Christian see to the energetic endeavours of Dean Thomas Williams. It was completed in 1869. The great changes of recent years in elementary education have curiously affected the statistics of schools in Glamorgan. Whereas in 1847 there were 327 day schools in all, with 15,674 scholars, in 1877 the parliamentary return shows a great reduction in the number of schools, though these have probably a much larger aggregate of scholars. This return exhibits 226 public elementary Schools in Glamor- gan, of which 56 were board-schools, 30 British and foreign, 12 lloman Catholic, 1 Wesleyan, and the remainder national, parochial, and Church of England Schools. Of these schools, 41 had each in average attendance upwards of 300 scholars, and 2 had upwards of 1000. Fourteen only had night. schools in operation. As in other south- west counties, the Welsh language is losing ground, except in remote agricultural districts. In 1851 the population of the county was 231,819, 120,748 males and 111,101 females; and in 1871 it was 397,859, 205,660 males and 192,199 females. The popu- lation has increased since the first census in 1801 by 326,980 persons, or 451 per cent. The county returns two members to parliament, the borough of Merthyr two. and the Cardiff and Swansea districts of boroughs one each, a total of xis in all. In the year ending April 1871 the amount of real property assessed to income and pro~ perty tax was £1,219,922. The principal towns with the populations in 1871 were——

Aberavon ................ .. 3,574 l.lantrisaint ............. .. 2,030 Aberdare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36,112 Lloughor ................ .. 1,220 Bridgend ................. .. 3,539 Mcrthyr'l'ydvil. . . . . . . . . . 51,919 Cardiff ................ .. Ncath .................. .. 9,319 C0\\'bridge ....... ... 1,134 Swansea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..51,702 Kenfig ................... .. 591

1em  GLANDERS, or, a speciﬁc infectious disease to which certain animals, chiefly those possessing an undivided hoof, are liable, and which is communicable from them to man. The term farcy is also employed to designate a variety of this affection, but there is no pathological distinc tion between the two. The disease as it affects animals belongs to the subject of Veterinary Medicine. Glanders is happily a rare form of disease in man, there being evidently less affinity for its development in the human subject than in the equine species. It occurs chiefly among those who from their occupation are fre quently in contact with horses, such as grooms, coachmen, cavalry soldiers, veterinary surgeons, &c., and seems always produced either by direct inoculation of the virus from a diseased animal into the broken skin, or by the respiration of air containing the poison. It is said to have occasionally been transmitted from man to man, but such an occurrence is extremely rare. A period of incubation, lasting from three to ﬁve days, generally follows the introductim of the virus into the system. This period, however, appears sometimes to be of much longer duration, especially where there has been no direct inoculation of the poison. The first. symptoms are a general feeling of illness, accompanied with pains in the limbs and joints resembling those of acute rheumatism. If the disease has been introduced by means of an abraded surface, pain is felt. at that point, and inflammatory swelling takes place there, and extends along the neighbouring lymphatics. An ulcer is formed at the point of inoculation which discharges an offensive ichor, and blebs appear in the inflamed skin, along with diffuse abscesses, as in phlegmonous erysipelas. Sometimes the disease stops short with these local manifestations, but more commonly goes on rapidly accompanied with symptoms of grave constitutional disturb- ance. Over the whole surface of the body there appcar numerous red spots or pustules, which break and discharge