Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/624

606 certain negotiations, and the public expression of popular enthusiasm in his favour. On his entrance into Turm, 29th April 18-18, there was a general ouburst of this enthustasm, mainly caused, it appears, by his unjust bamslnnent and by the large circulation of his books, especially the ﬂesaita -llmlerno. The city was illuminated ; deputa- tions waited upon him; the king made hnn senator, but, having been returned both by Turm and by Genoa as deputy to the assembly of representatives, 110w ﬁrst meeting under the new constitution, he elected to srt 1n the lower chamber, for his native town. Previous to the openlng he made a tour in various provinces, beginning at 31111111 and including Rome, where he had three intervxews with the liberal pope, who at that moment seemed to be the repre- sentative of his ideal imagined in the work Del Prmzato morale e civile, which Pius had read and admired. ll lnle he was engaged in this tour, constantly addressing the people publicly, the chamber met and elected hnn president. In the same parliament sat Azeglio, Cavour, and other liberals, and Balbo was prime minister. At the close of the same eventful year, a new ministry was formed, headed by Gioberti ; but with the accession of Victor Emmanuel in March 1849 his active life came to an end. For a short time indeed he held a seat in the cabinet, though without a. portfolio ; but an irreconcilable disagreement soon fol- lowed, and his removal from Turin was accomplished by his appointment on a mission to Paris, whence he never returned. There, refusing the pension which had been offered him and all ecclesiastical preferment, he lived frugally, and spent his days and nights as at Brussels 1n literary labour. Many other exiles gathered about lnm, and the Marquis Pallavicino became his bosom friend. He died suddenly, of apoplexy, on the 26th October 185:2.

1em 1em  {{ti|1em|{{larger|GIOJA}}, {{sc|Melchior}} (1767–1828), a distinguished Italian writer on philosophy and political economy, was born at Piaeenza in 1767. He was educated at the celebrated college of St Lazaro in his native town, and showed special fondness for the philosophical sciences. Apparently he had been destined for the church, but he seems to have given up at an early period the study of theology, and after completing his course at the College spent Some years in retirement. His ﬁrst work was the philosophical treatise Il naovo Galrttco (1802), which was followed by the Loglca .5'talistlca. The arrival of Napoleon in Italy drew Gioja into public life, He advocated warmly the establishment of a republican government, and under the (‘isalpine Republic he was named historiographer and director of statistics. Afterthe fall of Napoleon he retired into private life, and does not appear again to have held oﬂice. He died in 1828. Gioja’s fundamental idea is the value of statistics or the collection of facts. Philosophy itself is w ith him classiﬁcation and consideration of ideas. Logic he re- garded as a practical art, and his Jz'scrcfn'oui Leg/{cl has the further title, -lrt oftlcriz'z'ng beneﬁt from z'll-ronsh-m-tczl tool's. In ethics Gioja follows Bentham, and his large treatise 1).! .llerz'to e (lolle Recompcnse, 1818, is a clear and systematic view of social ethics from the utilitarian principle. In poli- tical economy this avidity for facts produced better fruits. The Naovo I’rospetto (lellc Sclenx Economic/w, 6 vols.. 1815—17, although long to excess, and m‘erburdcncd with classiﬁcations and tables, contains much "aluable material. In particular, Gioja must be credited with the finest and most original treatment of division of labour since the Wealth of Nations. Much of what Babbage taught later on the subject of combined work is anticipated by Gioja. II is theory of production is also deserving of attention from the fact that it takes into account and gives due 1)]‘UlnlllClll't‘ to immaterial goods. Throughout the work there is ('ull- tinuous opposition to Smith. Gioja’s latest work Film-glitz Ilella Statistic-a, 1828, contains in brief Compass the essence of his ideas on human life, and affords the clearest insight into his aim and method in philosophy both theoretical and practical.}}

1em  GIORDANO, (1632–1705), a painter of great immediate celebrity, was born in Naples, son of a vet y indifferent painter, Antonio, who imparted to him the ﬁrst rudiments of drawing. Nature predestined him for the art, and at the age of eight he painted a cherub into one of his father’s pictures, a feat which was at once noised abroad, and which induced the viceroy of Naples to recmnmcnd the child to Spagnoletto. His father afterwards took him to Rome, to study under Pietro da Cortona. He acquired the nickname of Luca Fa-presto (Luke W ork-fast). One might suppose this nickname to be derived merely from the almost miraculous celerity with which from an early age and throughout his life he handled the brush ; but it is said to