Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/57

Rh of sixty, and had become widely known by his writings on philosophy, that he was called to a chair in the university of Naples. This chair he held till his death in November 1846. Galluppi’s ﬁrst work was an essay on analysis and synthesis (Sult’ A nalisa e sutla Sintesi) published in 1807. This was followed by the important Saggio ﬁloseﬁco salla critica della conoscenza, in 6 volumes, published from 1819 to 1832. In the Lettere ﬁlosoﬂche salle vicende della jilosqjia relativamente ai principii delle conoscenze hamana, (la Cartesio sino a Kant, 1827, by which, through the trans- lation into French (by M. Peisse, 1844), he is best known to foreigners, Galluppi traces his own philosophical de- velopment from the empiricism of the 18th century writers through the Kantian criticism to his ﬁnal speculative view, one in many respects resembling the doctrines of the Scotch school as amended by Hamilton. IIis systematic work, Elenienti di jiloso/ia (4 vols. 1832), was long used as a text- b0o_k for instruction in the Italian colleges. Of other writings may be mentioned the chioni di logica e di I)t€lII_-/lsi6(t (1832—3, 5 vols, 1842); the Filosqﬁa della Volunta (3 vols., 1832—1842, incomplete) 3 and the Storia delta Filosqﬁa (1842), of which only the ﬁrst volume was published. Galluppi, though in many respects Kantian, can hardly be said to have taken up fully the speculative signiﬁcance of the Critique of Pure Reason. He accepts the Kantian demonstration of the necessary unity of conscious— ness as the indispensable factor in knowledge, regards our knowledge of the ego as knowledge of substance, maintains that in external perception, or, as he puts it, in sensation, we are directly cognizant of the real thing, and holds that the existence of the unconditioned is given in knowledge as the necessary correlate of the conditioned, but rejects en— tirely the a priori element which is the distinguishing characteristic of the Kantian doctrine of cognition. All judgments, according to him, are ultimately identical—a relic of the empiricism of Condillac which is totally irre- concilable with the fundamental principles of his philosophy. On the other hand, Galluppi exaggerates the place and im- portance of the moral reason 3 with Kant he ﬁnds objective truth in the ideas of desert and duty, and admits that ethical judgments are a priori, without endeavouring to explain, in accordance with his theoretical views, how such judgments are at all possible.

1em  GALLUS, C., a Roman poet, orator, and politician, was born of humble parents at Forum Julii (Fréjus), in Gaul, about At an early age he removed to Rome, where he was taught by the same master as Virgil and Varius. In political life he espoused the cause of, and as a reward for his services was made prefect of Egypt. His conduct in this position afterwards brought him into disgrace with, and dreading the exposure of his arrogance, extortion, and cruelty, he put an end to his life by throwing himself on his sword, in  Gallus enjoyed a high reputation among his contemporaries as a man of intellect. He associated on terms of equality with Virgil, Ovid, Varius, Asinius Pollio, and others, and on account of his four books of elegies Ovid claimed for him the ﬁrst place among the elegiac poets of Rome. His fame as an orator was hardly inferior to his renown as a poet 3 but as not a fragment of his composition has descended to our times, we have no means of judging the worth of his literary pretensions, and have to content ourselves with the somewhat partial estimate of his personal friends.

1em  {{ti|1em|{{larger|GALT}}, {{sc|John}} (1779{{ndash}}1839), a Scottish novelist, was born at Irvine, in Ayrshire, on May 2, 1779. He received his early education at Irvine and Greenock, and read largely from one of the public libraries while serving as a clerk in a mercantile oﬁ’ice. His ﬁrst compositions appeared in the Greenoch Advertiser and the Scots JIagmine. In 1804 he went to settle in London, where he continued to work at a poem on the Battle of Largs, which was published anony- mously. After unsuccessful attempts to succeed in business, Galt left for the Continent, and met Byron and Sir John Hobhouse at Gibraltar, with whom he had a tour in the Mediterranean. He remained abroad for three years, and then returned to London. His early works are the Life and Administration of Wolsey, Voyages and Travels. Letters from the Levant, the Life of Benjamin ll'est, Historical Pictures, the Wandering Jew, and a volume of dramas 3 but he ﬁrst showed his real power in The Ayrshire Legatees, which appeared in Blachwoocl’s Illagazine in 1820. This was followed in 1821 by his masterpiece—T he Annals of the Parish 3 and, at short intervals, Sir Andrew Wylie, The Entail, The Steam-Boat, and The Provost were published. These are all in his happiest manner, and are unsurpassed as studies of Scottish character. His next Works were It’ingan G'ilhaize, a story of the Covenanters 3 The 6})aemfe, which relates to the times of James I. of Scotland 3 Bothelan, a novel founded 011 the reign of Edward III.3 The Omen, which was favourably criticized by Sir Walter Scott; and The Last of the Lairds, another picture of Scottish life. In 1826 he visited America for the second time, in con- nexion with the establishment of the Canada Company—an undertaking which involved him in great difﬁculties, and ultimately proved disastrous to his worldly prospects. It is pleasant to remember that, although Galt’s connexion with Canada was unfortuate for himself, his youngest son, Sir Alexander Galt, has had a distinguished career there, and was, for some time, ﬁnance minister of the colony. In 1827 Galt founded Guelph in Upper Canada, passing on his way the township of Galt on the Grand River, named after him by the Hon. William Dixon. In 1829 he re- turned to England commercially a ruined man, and devoted himself with great ardour to literary pursuits, of which the ﬁrst fruit was Lawrie Todd—one of his best novels. Then came Southennan, a tale of Scottish life in the times of Queen Mary. In 1830 he was appointed editor of the Courier newspaper——a post he soon relinquished. His untiring industry was seen in the publication, in rapid suc- cession, of a Life of Byron, Lives of the Players, Boyle Corbet, Stanley Barton, The JIember, The Radical, Eben Ershine, The Stolen Child, his Autobiography, and a collec- tion of tales entitled Stories of the Study. In 1834 appeared his Literary Life and JIIiscellanies, dedicated by permission to William IV., who sent the author a present of £200. As soon as this work was published Galt retired to Greenock, where he lingered on in bad health till his death on the 11th of April 1839.}} Galt, like almost all voluminous writers, was exceedingly unequal. His masterpieces are The Ayrshire Legatees, The Annals of the Parish, Sir Andrew Wylie, The Entail, The Provost, and Lazvrie Todd. The Ayrshire Legatees gives, in the form of a number of exceedingly diverting letters, the adventures of the Rev. Dr Pringle and his family in London. The letters are made the excuse for endless tea- parties and meetings of kirk session in the rural parish of Garnock. The Annals of the Parish are told by the Rev. Micah Balwhidder, Galt’s ﬁnest character. This work is a splendid picture of the old-fashioned Scottish pastor and the life of a country parish 3 and, in rich humour, genuine pathos, and truth to nature, it is unsurpassed even by Scott. Like his other Scotch novels, it is a ﬁne specimen of the homely graces of the Scottish dialect, and preserves much