Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/52

42 the pulse hard and wiry, and to produce pallor, a whizzing sound in the ears, dizziness, and faintness. Its administration in a case of Bright's disease described by Dr Bence Jones was followed by epilepsy (see Med. Times, 1853, ii. 495). As a topical styptic application, gallic is inferior to tannic acid. With glycerin it is combined to form the pharmaceutical preparation glycerinum acidi gallici.  GALLIENUS, (–), Roman emperor, son of the emperor Valerian, was born about. From to  he reigned conjointly with his father, and gave proof of both bravery and ability, especially in the defeat near Milan of 300,000 Alemanni, with a force of only 10,000 Romans. When, however, his father was defeated and taken prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, in, Gallienus made no effort to obtain his release, or to withstand the incursions of the invaders who threatened the empire from all sides. He occupied part of his time in dabbling in literature, science, and various triﬂing arts, but gave himself up chieﬂy to excess and debauchery. His generals rebelled against him in almost every province of the empire, and this period of Roman history came to be called the reign of the thirty tyrants, although in reality the usurpers numbered only nineteen. Gallienus was killed at Milan in while besieging Aureolus, who had been proclaimed emperor by the Illyrian legions.  GALLINULE. See.  GALLIO,, proconsul or “deputy” of Achaia at the time of the apostle Paul’s ﬁrst visit to Corinth , was the son of M. Annaeus Seneca, a Roman eques and rhetorician, and was born at Cordova about the beginning of the Christian era. His mother's name was Helvia; and L. Annaeus Seneca, the philosopher, and L. Annaeus Mela, the geographer, were his full brothers, his own proper name being Marcus Annaeus Novatus. After he had received a careful education from his father at Cordova, he went to Rome, where he attracted the notice of L. Junius Gallio, a rhetorician of some repute, who ultimately adopted him. thus conferring the name by which he is usually known. The terms on which he lived with his kindred and with the world are well illustrated in the epithet “ dulcis ” applied to him by Statius (Silv., ii. 7, 32), and by Seneca (Nat. Qu., 4 pref.—“ nemo mortalium uni tam dulcis est quam hic omnibus”). It is probable that Gallio shared the misfortunes of his brother when the latter, having incurred the enmity of Messalina, was banished to Corsica; and that both returned together to Rome when Agrippina had selected Seneca to be tutor to Nero. Towards the close of the reign of Claudius, Gallio received the proconsulship of the newly constituted senatorial province of Achaia (Acts xviii. 12), but seems to have been compelled by ill health to resign the post within a few (Pliny, H. N., xxxi. 33; Seneca, Ep. civ.). In we hear of him as having been again in Rome (Dio Cassius, lxi. 20, 21), and on the same authority we learn that he ﬁnally became one of the last victims of that emperor (lxii. 25). The statement of Jerome in the chronicle of Eusebius, that Junius Gallio “frater Senecae, egregius declamator, propria se manu intcrfecit,” appears to be founded on a confusion of names. Seneca’s works, De Ira and De Vita Beata, are dedicated to Gallio, who himself appears to have written some treatises in natural history (Sen., N. Q., v. 11). Compare Tacitus, Ann., xv. 73; xvi. 17 ; Dio Cassius, 1x. 35.  GALLIPOLI, the ancient , a seaport town of Turkey in Europe, in the province of Rumili and viiayet of Edimeh, at the north-east extremity of the Straits of Dardanelles, on a narrow peninsula 130 miles SW. of Constantinople, and 90 miles due S. of Adrianople, in 40° 24′ N. lat. and 26° 40′ 30″ E. long. Nearly opposite is Lapsaki on the Asiatic side of the channel, which is here about 2 miles wide. The town of Gallipoli presents a miserable aspect; the streets are narrow, the houses mostly of wood and ill built, though there are a few better structures near the harbour, and the Anglo-French occupation of 1853–6 led to some improvements. The only noteworthy buildings are the large, crowded, and well-furnished bazaars, with leaden domes. There are several mosques, none of them remarkable, and many interesting Roman and Byzantine remains, especially a magazine of the emperor Justinian, a square castle and tower attributed to Bajazet L, and some tumuli on the south, said to be the tombs of the Thracian kings. The lighthouse, built on a cliff, has a ﬁne appearance as seen from the Dardanelles. Gallipoli is the residence of a captain-pasha and the seat of a Greek bishop. It has two good harbours, and is the principal station for the Turkish ﬂeet. From its position as the key of the Dardanelles, it was occupied by the allied French and English armies in 1854. Then the istlnnus a few miles to the north of the town, between it and Boul-air, was fortiﬁed with strong earthworks by English and French engineers mainly on tl1e lines of the old works constructed in, when the Turks ﬁrst crossed over into Europe, nearly 100 before they gained possession of Constantinople. These fortiﬁcations were renewed and enlarged in January 1878, on the Russians threatening to take possession of Constantinople. The peninsula thus isolated by the fortiﬁed positions has the Gulf of Saros on the N.W., and extends some 50 miles to the S.W. The guns of Gallipoli command the Dardanelles just before the strait joins the Sea of Marmora. The town itself is not very strongly fortiﬁed, the principal fortiﬁcations being further down the Dardanelles, where the passage is narrower. The district of Gallipoli is exceedingly fertile and well adapted for agriculture; a great variety of crops are raised, but, previous to the war of 1877-8, nearly all progress was stopped on ac- count of the maladininistration of the Turkish authorities. Nevertheless considerable quantities of the various cereals were exported, besides wine, oil, skins, cotton, sheep, the, much of the trade being transit. The principal imports are manufactured goods, coal, sugar, coffee, rice, soap, iron. The line of railway between Adrianoplc and the Egean Sea has been prejudicial to the transit trade of Gallipoli, and several attempts have been made to obtain concessions for the construction of a railway that would connect this part with the Turkish railway system. There is little industryin Galiipoli, though previous to the war attempts had been made to extend and improve the manufacture of silk thread and silk goods, and some little business was done in the construction of coasting vessels. Steamers to and from Constantinople call regularly at Gallipoli. Widely different estimates have been given of the population of the town ; it is probably somewhere about 25,000 or 30,000.  GALLIPOLI, an important seaport town of Italy, in the province of Lecce, and about 25 miles N of the city of that name, beautifully situated on a rocky islet on the east shore of the Gulf of Taranto, and connected by a long stone bridge of twelve arches with the suburb of Lizza on the mainland. The-town is Well built and fortiﬁed, and has a castle erected by Charles I. of Anjou, a large cathedral, a gymnasium, and an episcopal seminary. It is chiefly noted for its extensive cisterns cut in the solid rock for containing the-olive oil collected from all parts of Paglia; but it has besides a productive tunny ﬁshery, and manufactures muslins, cotton stockings, and woollen goods. The harbour has been improved since 1855 by a new mole, but the entrance is still