Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/37

Rh tinned item is the most considerable; the exports to England from Coruﬁa alone having mounted in 1875 to 17,000 head, at an average value of £15. The chief 1m- perts are coal, iron, tobacco, and manufactured goods. Apart from the few carreteras reales or royal roads, which are, as elsewhere in the Peninsula, unexceptionable, the means of internal communication in Galicia are decidedly defective. The only railways are those betwixt Lugo and Cnrufia (61 miles), and betwixt Santiago and Carril (24;— miles). Another line, from Vigo to Orense, has been in course of construction for some time, and it is also proposed to connect Lugo with Astorga. Galicia has 10 cities and 115 towns. The capital is Santiago, which is also an arch- bishopric, with a population of 29,000. Lugo, Tuy, Mon- dofiedo, Orense, are also episcopal sees. The largest city is Coruiia, the seat of the audiencia (population about 40,000). The others are Ferrol, Vigo, Betanzos, and Pontevedra.

1em  GALILEE (raiaaza, 542.1), the most northerly of the three provinces into which Palestine was at the Roman period divided, was bounded on the E. by the Jordan, on the S. by Samaria, on the W. by the Mediterranean, on the .\'.W. by Phœnicia, and on the N. by the Leontes, the extreme length being about 60 miles, the extreme breadth 30, and the area 1000 square miles. The Galilee thus defined, however, though doubtless the Galilee of Herod’s tetrarchy and of later centuries, was hardly that of ordinary parlance at of the. Josephus himself, while substantially giving these boundaries (B. J., iii. 3, 1, and elsewhere), yet incidentally in one place speaks of Upper Galilee as constituting the whole of Galilee proper (Ant. xx. (3, 1), and elsewhere in giving Xaloth (Iksal) and Dabaratta (Debi‘irieh) as boundary towns, seems to exclude from Galilee the plain of Esdraelon. In the early period of the history of Israel, the word 5‘53, or 71,223, meaning a circle, was hardly a proper name at all, but was applied to several districts with considerable generality. Thus in Josh. xiii. 2 and Joel iv. 4 reference is made to the “borders” or “coasts” (Geliloth) of the Philistines. In Josh. xxii. 10, 11, however, the “ Geliloth ” of Jordan means the plain of Jordan referred to in Ezekiel xlvii. 8 as “the eastern Gelilah” (compare Josh. xviii. 7 ); while in Josh. xx. 7, xxi. 32, hag—Gall] denotes the north portion of the territory of Naphtali westward of Merom, where Ifadesh, one of the six cities of refuge, lay. Here were Situated the twenty “ worthless” cities which Solomon gave to Hiram (1 Kings ix. 11 ; 2 Chr. viii. 2); and here, notwithstanding the conquests made successively by Joshua, several of the judges, David, and Solomon, the population seems to have retained a prevailineg ethnic character; for even in Isaiah’s time “ the land of Zebulun and the land of N aphtali ” is called “ Galilee of the Gentiles” (Isa. ix. 1). After the deportation by Tiglath Pileser (2 Kings xv. 29), in which it is to be presumed that chiefly Israelites were carried away, this ethnic character would most probably be intensified and extended rather than diminished either in area or in amount; and already in the time of the Maccabees, accordingly, we find the word apparently used in a considerably wider sense than in earlier times (1 Mace. v. 14, 15, x. 30; cf. Tob. i. 2). The later extension of the designation cannot be more particularly traced, but we know with considerable exactness what the limits were at the time :of the Talmudists. The southern boundary was deﬁned by the towns of Bethshean (Beisz‘ui), Giutea (Jenin), Caphar Utheni (Kefr Adan), and by the ridge of Carmel; on the east the Jordan formed the limit; while on the west and north the line ran from Carmel to Accho (Akka),'and thence ascended eastwards by a great valley ust south of Achzib (ez Zib) extending 8 miles, past Kabartha (e1 Kabry), Gathin (J’athiin), and Beth Zanita (Zueinita), to Gelila (Jelil), where it turned north near M’alia, probably the Melloth which Josephus notices as on his boundary (B. J., iii. 3, 1). From Melloth it ran 12 miles north to K ania and Aiya (probably Kanah and ’Aiya), and then appears to have run east along a high ridge by Berii and Tirii (Berias and Tireh), and thence, after a course of 5 miles, it trendcd north—east by Tifiii (Tibnin), Sifneta (Safcd e1 Battikh), Ailshitha (’Atshith), and Aulam (Alnu‘m), arriving thus at the deep gorge of the Leontes. Turning cast it passed Migdol Kherub (e1 Khurbeh) and the “hollow of Ayun” (Merj ’Ayﬁn), past Takra (unknown) to Tortalga (“the snowy mountain,” or Hermon), and to Kisrin and the bounds of Iitir—- that is, to Caesarea Philippi (now Bani-as), and thus to beyond Jordan. The boundary between Upper and Lower Galilee was natural, being marked on the east by the town of Caphar Hananya (Kefr ’Anaii), situated at the foot of the high ridge which formed the actual line; Bersobe, on the same boundary (Josephus, B. J., iii. 3, 1), is not as yet known.

Lower Galilee—The whole of Galilee presents country more or less disturbed by volcanic action. In the lower division the hills are all tilted up towards the east, and broad streams of lava have ﬂowed over the plateau above the sea of Galilee. In this district the highest hills are only about 1800 feet above the sea. The ridge of Nazareth rises north of the great plain of Esdraelcn, and north of this again is the fertile basin of the Buttauf, separated from the sea- coast plains by low hills. East of the Buttauf extends the basaltic plateau called el Alnna (“the inaccessible ”), rising 1700 feet above the sea of Galilee. North of the Buttauf is a confused hill country, the spurs falling towards a broad valley which lies at the foot of the mountains of Upper Galilee. This broad valley, running westwards to the coast, is the old boundary of Zebulun—the valley of J iphthah-el (Josh. xix. 14). The great plain of Esdraelon is of triangular form, bounded by Gilboa on the east and by the ridge which runs to Carmel on the west. It is 14 miles long from J enin to the Nazareth hills, and has a mean measure- ment of 9 miles east and west. It rises 200 feet above the sea, the hills on both sides being some 1500 feet higher. The whole drainage is collected by the Kishon, which runs through a narrow gorge at the north-west corner of the plain, descending beside the ridge of Carmel to the sea. The broad valley of J ezreel on the cast, descending towards the Jordan valley, forms the gate by which Palestine is entered from beyond Jordan. Mount Tabor stands isolated