Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/35

Rh impression, and has again and again furnished to future controversialists arguments more specious than solid against the liberty of exporting corn. The criticism of Voltaire, that Galiani’s volume united the wisdom of Plato and the wit 0f Moliere, will not be accepted asa decisive judgment on the merits of the treatise; but it may be viewed as a tolerany fair test of the regard in which it was held by Galiani’s contemporaries. Galiani returned to Naples after a ten years’ residence in Paris, where his reputation as a wit had long surpassed that of an economist or a statesman. Until his death at Naples, on October 30, 1787, he kept up with his old Parisian friends a correspondence, of which the tone on his side can only be compared to the wailing and howling sent forth by Ovid during his banishment to the shores of the Euxine. Absence from Paris was with him the synonym of social and literary death.

1em  GALICIA, in German Galizien, and in Polish IIalz'cz, a crown—land of Austria which comprises the old kingdoms of Galieia and Lodomeria, the duehies of Auschwitz and Zator, and the grand-duehy of Cracow. Towards the N. and E. it has an extensive and irregular frontier conterminous with the Russian empire; in the SJV. it meets the Hungarian territory along the ridge of the Carpathian Mountains; its western borders, which are of small ex- tent, toueh both Austrian and I’russian Silesia; and in the S. it is bounded by the province of Bukowina, which was separated from it in 1819. As its area is 30,299 square miles, or more than 10,000 square miles greater than that of Bohemia, it is the largest of all the crown-lands of Austria. The population in 1869 was 5,118,016, which showed an increase since 1857 of 785,150. Of the whole 2,660,518 were males, and 2,757,498 females. The density was greatest in the circles of Biala, Tarnow, and Cracow, and least in the circle of Badworna. In 1876 the total was 6,000,326. About a third of the whole area of Galieia is occupied by the Carpathians, and the greater proportion of the remainder consists of the terraces by which the mountain system gradually sinks down to the great eastern plains of Russia. Only a very small district near the Vistula can properly be described as lowland. The two most prominent summits of the (talieian Carpathians are the Bahia Gora or Women’s Mountain, 5618 feet above the level of the sea, and the Waxmnndska, 7189. Of the famous massif of the Tatra, hardly a fourth is within the Galician bound- arres. By its rivers Galieia belongs partly to the basin of the Baltic and partly to the basin of the Black Sea. The Dunajee, the San, and the Premsza, tributaries of the Vistuli, are the navigal'ﬂe streams of the western region ; and the Dniester, which is the principal river of the east, is navigable as far as Czartoria. There are few lakes in the country except mountain tarns ; but considerable morasses exist about the Upper Dniester, the Vistula, and the San, and the ponds or dams in the I’odolian valleys are estimated to cover an area of 208 square miles. Of the 35 mineral springs which can be counted in Galieia, the most fre- quented are Konopowka, south of Tarnopol, and Lubian and Sklo, west of Lemberg. The last is a good example of the intermittent class. The Galieian climate is exceedingly severe, the range of temperature being nearly 115’. In July and August the mean temperature is 66' or 67° Fahr.; in March it is 32° or 33°. Winter is long, and the snowfall, which oftens begins in the early part of October, is very abundant. At Craeow the annual precipitation is about 23 inches, and at Lemberg about 28. Rather more than 6 per cent. of the surface of Galicia is unproductive. Forests occupy upwards of 4 million acres, but they are so badly managed that in some districts straw has to be used as fuel ; 1,550,128 acres are devoted to pasture, 8,486,358 are under tillage, and 3,007,024 are under gardens and meadows. Barley, oats, and rye, are the prevailing cereals ; but wheat, maize, and leguminous plants are also cultivated, and hemp, ﬂax, tobacco, and hops are of considerable im- portance. In 1873 the whole crop of cereals amounted to 9,878,563 bushels; and there were 2,016,326 bushels of pulse, and 65,581,331 bushels of potatoes. In 1869 the num- ber of horses in the crown-land was 695,610 ; of asses and mules, about 2000; of cattle, 2,070,572 ; sheep, 966,763; goats. 35,825; and swine, 731,572. The stocks of bees were upwards of 257,490, and the yearly produce of honey and wax is about 18,300 and 7166 cwt. respectively. In West Galieia there are mines of coal, ironstone, and zinc ore ; and in Eastern Galicia a certain quantity of lignite is obtained. The iron ore is poor, containing only 10 or 11 per cent. of metal ; and in 1873 the out—put did not exceed 108,546 cwt. Salt is procured both from mines and from salt-springs in sufﬁcient abundance to make it an article of export to Russia. The great factory at Kalusz for the making of potash was closed in 1875, the company having failed; and the exploitation of the rich petroleum springs of East Galieia languishes for lack of capital. Craeow is the centre of the iron manufacture, but it is of compara- tively small development. Tile works are very numerous; stoneware is produced in a few establishments; and the glass works number about 15. In 1871 there were 237 breweries, 598 distilleries, and 3716 mills,~—no fewer than 3521 of the mills being driven by water and 172 by wind. Cigars are manufactured at Monasteryska and W'inniki, Cracow, J npielnica, and Zablotow. The textile industries are for the most part very slightly developed, but the linen trade employs 11,255 looms. Railway trafﬁc is rapidly increasing. There is a large transit trade down the river Dniester to Russia by means of light boats built at Zuravero, Halicz, Marianpol, &c., which are usually broken up for ﬁrewood when they reach Odessa ; and all the navigable streams, both north and south, are used for the transport of wood from the forests. Large quantities of Galician timber thus ﬁnd their way to Dantzic, Stettin, Hamburg, and Berlin. The country is divided into the eight districts of Lemberg, Zloczow, Tarnopol, Stanislawow, SilleOl‘, Przemysl, Tarnow, and Cracow, which altogether comprise 71 administrative circles. There are in all 83 towns, 230 market villages, and 11,000 hamlets, the most populous places being Lemberg, 87,109 ; Cracow, 49,835 ; Tal‘now, 21,779 ; Tarnopol, 20,087 ; Brody, 18,890 ; Kolomiya, 17,679; Drohibiez, 16,888; Przemysl, 15,185; Stanislau, 11,479; Sambor, 11,719, Jaroslau, 11,166 ; Rzeszow, 10,090 ; and Sniatyn, 10,305. The chief town is Lemberg, which is the seat of the royal imperial lieuten- ancy or K. K. Statthalterei. According to the laws of 1861 the diet of Galicia consists of the three archbishops (those of the Roman Catholic, the Greek Catholic, and Armenian Catholic Churches), the three Roman Catholic- bishops, the rectors of the universities of Lemberg and Cracow, 41 representatives of the larger landowners, 4 representatives of the capital, 3 representatives of the chambers of trade and industry, 16 from the towns and industrial centres, and 74 from the rural communes. Sixty- three members are sent to the imperial diet, of whom 20 represent the landowners, 13 the towns, 27 the rural com— munes, and 3 the chambers of trade, &c. The two principal nationalities in Galicia are the Poles and the Ruthenians— the former predominating in the west and the latter in the east. The Poles who inhabit the Carpathians are distin-